1. Lavonne Neff, . "On the Road to the Sacred." Publishers Weekly, 244, no. 4 (Jan. 27, 1997): 1

2. Ibid., 6.

3. Ibid., 6.

4. Ibid., 6.

5. Ibid., 6.

6. Ibid., 6.

7. Ibid., 8.

8. John Davis. The Landscape of Belief Encountering the Holy Land in Nineteenth Century American Art and Culture. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996. 32.

9. Ibid., 32.

10. Phillip Schaff. Through Bible Lands: Notes of Travel in Egypt, the Desert, and Palestine. New York: American Tract Society, 1878. 1.

11. Ibid., 1.

12. K.Wilhelm. Roads to Zion: Four Centuries of Travelers' Reports. New York: Stocken Books, 1946. 8.

13. Ibid., 8.

14. William C. Prime. Tent Life in the Holy Land. New York: Harper and Bros., 1857. 2.

15. Ibid., 1.

16. Frank S. DeHass, Buried Cities Recovered; or, Explorations in Bible Lands. Philadelphia: Bradley, 1997. 9.

17. Ibid., 10

18. Thomas G Appleton. Syrian Sunshine. Boston: Roberts Bros., 1887. 1.

19. Ibid., 68.

20. Frederick Jones Bliss. The Development of Palestine Exploration. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1906. 3.

21. William H. Bartlett. Jerusalem Revisited. London: A. Hall, Virtue, 1885. 1.

22. Ibid., 1.

23. Charles Warren and Charles W. Wilson. The Recovery of Jerusalem: A Narrative of Exploration and Discovery in the City and the Holy Land. New York: Appleton, 1871. 2.

24. Victor Wolfgang Von Haggen, edited, and with an introduction to Incidents of Travel in Egypt, Arabia Petraea, and the Holy Land, by John Lloyd Stephens. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1996. v.

25. Ibid., vi.

26. Ibid., vii.

27. Ibid., vii

28. Ibid., vii

29. Ibid., ix.

30. Ibid., x.

31. Ibid., x.

32. Ibid., xiv.

33. Ibid., xv.

34. Ibid., xvii.

35. Ibid., xix.

36. Ibid., xxvii.

37. Ibid., x.

38. Ibid., xxxvii.

39. Ibid., xxxviii.

40. Ibid., xxxix.

41. Ibid., xxix.

42. Ibid., xxxix.

43. Ibid., xl.

44. Ibid., xl.

45. Ibid., xl.

46. Ibid., 3.

47. Ibid., xxix.

48. Ibid., xxxi.

49. Ibid., xxxi.

50. Ibid., xxxii.

51. Ibid., xxxiv

52. Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia, "Palestine," by Philip Peretz. 1.

53. Victor Wolfgang Von Haggen, edited, and with an introduction to Incidents of Travel in Egypt, Arabia Petraea, and the Holy Land, by John Lloyd Stephens. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1996. xxxv.

55. Ibid., 211

56. Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia, "Edom." 1.

57. Charles Souvay. "Idumea." [http://www.etf.cuni.cz/mirrors/www.knight.org/advent/cathen /07638 a.htm.cz.iso-8859-1]. 1997.

58. Ibid.

59. Ibid.

60. Ibid.

61. Victor Wolfgang Von Haggen, edited, and with an introduction to Incidents of Travel in Egypt, Arabia Petraea, and the Holy Land, by John Lloyd Stephens. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1996. 234.

62. Ibid., 236.

63. Ibid., 325.

64. Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia, "Muhammad Ali (viceroy)."

65. Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia, "Ottoman Empire," by Norman Itzkowitz.

66. Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia, "Mahmud II."

67. Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia, "Ottoman Empire," by Norman Itzkowitz.

68. Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia, "Mahmud II."

69. Ibid., 2.

70. Virtual Jerusalem, Ltd. "History of Jerusalem." [http://www.virtual.co.il/communities/ Jerusalem/history.htm]. 1995-1996.

71. Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia, "Palestine," by Philip Peretz. 1.

72. Victor Wolfgang Von Haggen, edited, and with an introduction to Incidents of Travel in Egypt, Arabia Petraea, and the Holy Land, by John Lloyd Stephens. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1996. 325.

73. Ibid., 326.

74. Ibid., 343.

75. "Holiest City of All." Geographical Magazine, 69, no.12 (Dec. 1997): 1..

76. Ibid. 1.

77. Ibid., 1.

78. Ibid., 2.

79. Ibid., 2.

80. Ibid., 2.

81. Ibid., 2.

82. Victor Wolfgang Von Haggen, edited, and with an introduction to Incidents of Travel in Egypt, Arabia Petraea, and the Holy Land, by John Lloyd Stephens. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1996. 340.

83. Ibid. 340.

84. Lester I. Vogel. To See a Promised Land: Americans and the Holy Land in the Nineteenth Century. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993. 1.