Appleton, Thomas G. Syrian Sunshine. Boston: Roberts Bros., 1887.

This volume is a six-week record of Syrian travel in 1875. The book takes a serious look at the desecration the Turks imposed upon the Holy Land and the author openly discusses his displeasure.

Bartlett, William H. Jerusalem Revisited. London: A. Hall, Virtue, 1885.

The author's love for the Bible fostered this 1854 journey to the Holy Land; the experience, brought to the surface many emotions for the author as he followed the roads of the Prophets. He was in Palestine while it was under the rule of Muhammad Ali of Egypt.

de Forest, John William. Oriental Acquaintance; or, Letters from Syria. New York: Dix, Edwards, 1865.

This book is a series of compiled letters from a Syria by an American Pilgrim. The book also goes into great detail about his journey into the Holy Land.

DeHass, Frank S. Buried Cities Recovered; or, Explorations in Bible Lands. Philadelphia: Bradley, 1997.

Under an appointment from the U.S. government, the author spent several years living in Palestine. Being connected to both the American and English Palestine Exploration Societies, he had a great desire to explore the lands of the Bible, its customs and traditions that had inspired the world.

Prime, William C. Tent Life in the Holy Land. New York: Harper and Bros., 1857.

This book chronicles an American's pilgrimage to the Holy Land. He details his visit to the sacred soil and how he traveled anywhere he pleased. Before reaching the Holy Land the author journeyed the Nile in Egypt and Nubia, writing as he traveled.

Schaff, Phillip. Through Bible Lands: Notes of Travel in Egypt, the Desert, and Palestine. New York: American Tract Society, 1878.

This book is based on a series of letters which the author wrote during his travels up the Nile, in the wilderness, and in Palestine. It is a fresh narrative that is universal in terms of first impressions. Schaff is no explorer, rather he simply describes what he heard, felt, and saw on the spot.

Stephens, John, Lloyd. Incidents of Travel in Egypt, Arabia Petraea, and the Holy Land. 2 vols. New York: Harper and Bros., 1837.

This conversational and unpretentious book is a detailed chronicle of an American pilgrim's year-long journey through the Middle East. Stephens includes many descriptions of everyday events in the Middle East, and keen observations on some of the region's architectural marvels.

Stephens, John, Lloyd. Incidents of Travel in Egypt, Arabia Petraea, and the Holy Land, with an introduction by Victor Wolfgang Von Haggen. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1996.

Stephens, John, Lloyd. Incidents of Travel in Egypt, Arabia Petraea, and the Holy Land. Norman: Univeristy of Oklahoma Press., 1970.

Warren, Charles, and Charles W. Wilson. The Recovery of Jerusalem: A Narrative of Exploration and Discovery in the City and the Holy Land. New York: Appleton, 1871.

This book is a collection of papers of the Palestine Exploration Society. More than two-thirds of this tome is dedicated to the exploration of Jerusalem, focusing on the gathered knowledge of its many sacred places. The rest of the book gives descriptions of the lands surrounding Jerusalem.

Wilhelm, K. Roads to Zion: Four Centuries of Travelers' Reports. New York: Stocken Books, 1946.

This book highlights four centuries of Jewish life in Jerusalem. The information is gathered from a large number of letters and documents, detailing the daily work and affairs of the average Jew. The letters also contain much counsel to kinsfolk who are planning to make their own journey to Palestine.

Andrews, Beverly. "Empire of the Sultans." The Middle East, no. 260 (Oct. 1996): 42.

This very brief article offers insight into the 600+ year reign of the Ottoman Empire. It states how the Ottoman Empire started to decline in the 17th and 18th centuries, and how it ultimately ended in 1922

Bliss, Frederick Jones. The Development of Palestine Exploration. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1906.

This book traces American exploration in Palestine, and provides a very thorough synthesis of exploration and archaeological research.

Coleman, Simon and John Elsner. Pilgrimage: Past and Present in World Religions.

This book incorporates what a pilgrimage is: the confrontation of travelers with rituals, holy objects, and sacred architecture. The authors consider pilgrimage as a physical journey through time and space, but can also also as a metaphorical resonances on many levels.

Davis, John. The Landscape of Belief Encountering the Holy Land in Nineteenth Century American Art and Culture. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.

The second chapter of this book focuses on the American presence in the Holy Land, particualry that of John Lloyd Stephens. The book also offers a brief biography of John Lloyd Stephens.

Gammer, Moshe. "The Imam and the Pasha: a Note on Shamil and Muhammad Ali." Middle Eastern Studies, 32, no. 4 (Oct. 1996): 336-342.

This article discusses Muhammad Ali, Pasha of Egypt, and Shamil, Imam of Chechnia and Daghestan. It details how they joined forces and helped the Muslim resistance in its campaign against the Russian occupation of 1829. It also tells of how the Pasha helped wage successful battles agains Russia, France, and England, as well as how he garnered fame and power for both himself and the Imam.

"Holiest City of All." Geographical Magazine, 69, no.12 (Dec. 1997): 72-73.

This article discusses Jerusalem as the center of Israel for the past 3,000 years. The feature also tells of the many sites in the Old City which are sacred to Jews, Christians, and Moslems alike. It also mentions how many parts of the city have been destroyed, but always rebuilt, especially since the 19th century.

Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia, "Ottoman Empire," by Norman Itzkowitz.

This article chronicles the rise and fall of the Ottoman Empire, including the Byzantine Empire's control prior to the Ottoman rise. It goes into detail about the decline of the empire in the 18th century, and its end in the early 20th century.

Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia, "Palestine," by Philip Peretz.

This entry offers a concise history of Palestine and will be useful for background information.

Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia, "Mahmud II."

This selection is a short biography regarding the sultan of the Ottoman Empire between 1808 and 1839.

Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia, "Edom."

This entry gives a much needed explanation of the Edom of Old Testament times.

Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia, "Muhammad Ali (viceroy)."

A brief biography of Muhammad is offered in this entry.

Neff, Lavonne. "On the Road to the Sacred." Publishers Weekly, 244, no. 4 (Jan. 27, 1997): 44

This article highlights recent books about sacred sites and pilgrimages. It also points out the favorite destinations for modern pilgrims, including Asia, the Middle-East, Europe, and even America.

Vogel, Lester I. To See a Promised Land: Americans and the Holy Land in the Nineteenth Century. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993.

This book is a useful survey of pre-1918 America and its relationship with Canaan, Zion, and Palestine. The book doesn't focus the political disposition of the land, but rather pays attention to intrinsic appeal of the Holy Land for the American public. It's main focus is on the nature of American Christian attachments to the Holy Land.

Souvay, Charles. "Idumea." [http://www.etf.cuni.cz/mirrors/www.knight.org/advent/cathen /07638 a.htm.cz.iso-8859-1]. 1997.

This Website furnishes a brief history of Idumea, the country inhabited by the descendants of Edom, situated south of Juda and the Dead Sea. It contains Biblical references that point to the location of Idumea.

Virtual Jerusalem, Ltd. "History of Jerusalem." [http://www.virtual.co.il/communities/ Jerusalem/history.htm]. 1995-1996.

This website gives a solid overview of the history of Jerusalem, including a concise timeline. The website also contains a section on the Ottoman Empire.