Lewald, Fanny. The Education of Fanny Lewald: an autobiography. ( Meine Lebensgeschichte)Translated, edited and annotated by Hanna Ballin Lewis. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992.

Miss Lewald wrote this text in German as to attest to her growth in life, her writing, and spirituality. She speaks of the changes in Germany and her life as an independent woman of the nineteenth century. Much of the book is dedicated to George Sand, the female French writer, and to her acceptance of her spinster life.

Hahn-Hahn, Ida Countess. A Few Words about the Good Shepherd. Translated by ‘A German Lady.’ London: T.Jones, 1858.

This primary text written after Hahn-Hahn’s conversion in 1850 provides the reader with insight into this once spoiled noblewoman turned nun. She spends the last thirty years of her life living in a convent, though never taking vows, and writing for the Catholic Church. This prayer book, used as an inspirational text, was one of many she wrote for the church.

___________________. From Babylon to Jerusalem. Translated by Elizabeth Atcherley. London: Newby, 1851.

This primary text was written immediately after the Countess’s conversion. It is a rambling tale of her live and what led her to become a Catholic. In the book, she not only professes her faith but she also condemns Luther and all other Protestants as heretics.

___________________ . Letters of a German Countess: written during her travels in Turkey, Egypt, The Holy Land, Syria, Nubia &c. London: Henry Colburn, 1845. (Translation of Orientalische Briefe. Berlin: Dundee, 1844.)

This primary source was the fifth and last travelogue of the Countess Hahn-Hahn. In this three-volume manuscript, she describes her travels to the Holy Land, Egypt, and parts of Africa. The book contains many rich and detailed histories of every country she passes through. Written in a very straightforward manner for a woman of her time, Hahn-Hahn expresses many of her own political and cultural views.

______________________. "Over the asterisks" n.d. <http://ingeb.org/Lieder/uberdens.html> [22 October 2000].

This is one of many poems written by the Countess Hahn-Hahn. She had published three books of poetry before writing any novels. None of her books of poems has been translated into English. However, a few individual poems, such as this one, have been translated and can be found online at the above address.

___________________ . The Heiress of Cronestein. Translated by Mary H. Allies. New York: Benziger Brothers, 1900.

This fictional novel written in 1869 after her conversion is the tale of siblings who seemingly want different lives. It portrays two sisters who choose two paths, one the worldly way with a rich husband and no happiness. The other sister chooses a life of piety and the church and who through service and prayer to the Lord finds everlasting happiness.

________________________ . Travels in Sweden: Sketches of a journey to the north. Translated by J.B.S. London: W. Tweedie, n.d.

A primary account of the Countess’s travels to Sweden in 1842. The purpose of her trip was to travel to Norway but the cold and grayness of the north so depressed her that she chose not to travel anymore in the north but to return early to Germany. She gives many historical accounts of places in Stockholm and dearly loved the Swedish people but of the country itself she states, "It contains nothing which is particularly attractive."

Pfeiffer, Ida. A Visit to the Holy Land. Translated by H.W. Dulcken. London: Ingram Cooke & Co., 1852.

The first of seven travelogues written by the author this primary account of her travels was written in a narrative form and allegedly never intended for publication. The book does not contain historical knowledge of people and places but gives a good pilgrims view to the Holy Land and holy places.

__________ . The Last Travels of Ida Pfeiffer: Inclusive of a visit to Madagascar. Translated by H.W. Dulcken. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1861.

The primary source of this book is the travels of Mrs. Pfeiffer to Madagascar but it also contains a biography of the traveler written by her own hand and added to this her last travelogue. Mrs. Pfeiffer’s biography contains information not only on her trip to the Holy Lands but also on her two trips around the world.

Dabak, Shubhangi. "Images of the Orient in the Travel Writings of Ida Pfeiffer and Ida Hahn-Hahn." [Ph.D. diss., Michigan State University, 1999].

This thesis examines the travels of the two Ida’s of Bavaria explores in depth the subjects of the marginality of women in Europe and the emancipation they felt in traveling in the orient. The thesis writer also takes into account the prevailing colonial attitudes of the women and how they cannot let go of their European upbringing.

Fout, John C. ed., German Women in the Nineteenth Century: A Social History. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1984.

A collection of essays of works now being done in the field of historiography about German women. The contributors to this volume are divided into four parts, up to 1860, 1860-90, 1890-1914 and 1914-33. Each essay contributes new insight in to the world of German women.

Frevert, Ute. Women in German History: from bourgeois emancipation to sexual liberation. Translated by Stuart McKinnon-Evans. Oxford: Berg, 1990.

An in depth look at German women from the late 1700’s up to 1988. The book investigates the inequalities of men and women through these three centuries, focusing on the history of women. The book is arranged in a chronological order to present the information in a clear and concise manner.

Jores-Boetcher, Ruth & Ellen S. Marianne-Burkhard. ed. Out of Line /AUSGEFALLEN: The paradox of marginality in the writings of Nineteenth-Century German women. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1989.

This book complied and edited by two women focuses on German women writers of the nineteenth century. The title is an indication of the mixed origins of the contributors who are both American and German. The many essays in the book attempted to explain and emphasize the narrow confines under which women in Germany had to write during the nineteenth century. They have chosen not to concentrate only on those writers who could be considered famous, but have also included those who are infamous or have spend decades in relatively obscure.

Knight, Kevin. ed., The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol VIII. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07109a.htm [30 August 2000].

A web site of the Catholic Encyclopedia, including history, theology, and people involved with and in the Catholic Church.

Kontje, Todd Curtis. Women; the novel and the German nation 1771-1871. Cambridge: University Press. 1998.

As the title indicates, the author looks to the women of the German nation and to some of the fictional novels that they have written. The book is written in chronological order and traces the promising careers of fourteen women authors in the 18^th and 19^th centuries. The author also tries to answer the question of why so many of these texts have fallen into relative obscurity.

Peters, F.E. Jerusalem: The Holy City in the Eyes of chroniclers, Visitors, Pilgrims and Prophets from the Days of Abraham to the Beginning of Modern Times. Princeton: Princeton University, 1985.

This all-encompassing book contains information not only of the city of Jerusalem, but also the people who have controlled it in the past, the people who have visited it, and the buildings they built the ones they destroyed and the sacredness that each religion has brought to what is known as the holiest place on earth.

Schulzki-Haddouti, Christiane. "Identity and observation with Ida von Hahn-Hahn and Ida Pfeiffer on the bases of their Orient Reports." [diss., University of Hilderheim 1997], <http:members.aol.com/ch29> Translated by Reverso translate-online. <http://www.translate-online.com> [23 September 2000].

This thesis examines two German women who share the same first name, travel within a year of each other to the same places but because of their stations in life experience, write about the Orient in very different ways.

Smith, Bonnie G. The Gender of History: Men, Women, and Historical Practice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998.

Watt, Helga. "Ida Pfeiffer: A Nineteenth-Century woman travel writer." The German Quarterly 64 no 3 (1991): 339.

The paper focus was the travels of Ida Pfeiffer and how she perceived other cultures, how she endured hardship and how she seemed to sit on the brink of feminism. Wherever she traveled she openly felt pity for her fellow overworked homemakers. It is interesting to note that when Mrs. Pfeiffer left home to travel she would only have a destination in mind. She rarely had any firm travel plans in place as to how she would get somewhere or how long she would stay. What’s more, breaking all convention of her time she always traveled alone.