NOTE 1.

The Ambrosian Liturgy. The local Milanese Liturgy attained its greatest splendour towards the end of the fourth century. The Oriental elements it contains may have been due to some one of the first bishops who had come from the East, or have been introduced by St. Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, 374-397. It was afterwards called the Ambrosian Liturgy, either because it was arranged and enriched by St. Ambrose, or because it had been used by a man of such great merits and authority. It was used in the Milanese Church all through the Middle Ages, and its continuity was never seriously threatened until the time of the Council of Trent, when it was decided to compile a universal liturgy. In consequence, the Roman Breviary was published in 1568, and the Roman Missal in 1570. The Curia was determined to impose the new liturgies on all the Latin Churches, and they prevailed by degrees everywhere save at Milan. In 1578 the then governor of the city obtained a papal letter authorising him to have mass celebrated daily according to the Roman rite, in any church he pleased. The Archbishop, St. Charles Borromeo, however, procured the immediate revocation of the brief, and since that time no attempt has been made to suppress the Ambrosian liturgy.

NOTE 2.

The Cathedral of Milan, in which Casola received the benediction of Archbishop Arcimboldi, was not the Duomo, but the Basilica of Santa Tecla, then called the Basilica Metropolitana Estiva or Summer Basilica, because the Archbishop and the Canons ordinary officiated there from Easter until the first Sunday in October. According to Count Giulio Porro, "there can be no doubt on this point, because Casola says that he was blessed on the third day of the Rogations after the services. Now we know from ancient documents and from Puricelli, who in his " Nazariana" gives us the description, that the procession on the third day started from the Summer Basilica of Santa Tecla, and after visiting the churches of Santa Eufemia, S. Celso, and others, returned to S. Tecla. In fact, in 1494, there were two cathedral churches in Milan, Santa Maria Maggiore and Santa Tecla."(1) The Summer Basilica

1. Note 3 to Porro's printed edition of Casola's voyage, Milan, 1855.

NOTE 3

St. Ambrose (Bishop of Milan 340-397) was born at Treves in 340, and in 387 he founded a new church at Milan on the ruins of a Temple of Bacchus. It was first dedicated to the Saints Gervasius and Protasius, whose bones were transferred there from the place miraculously revealed to St. Ambrose. After the death of Ambrose, who was laid between them under the high altar, the church took his name. St. Ambrose became the great patron Saint of Milan, and the Milanese have always been proud to call themselves `Ambrosiani,' or Sons of St. Ambrose.

NOTE 4.

Saint Gervasius and Protasius were twin brothers, who suffered martyrdom at Milan under the Emperor Nero, A.D. 69. A good man buried their bodies honourably in his own garden, where they remained undiscovered until 387 A.D. In this year St. Ambrose had built his new church at Milan, and the people desired him to procure for it some holy relics. The Bishop thereupon went to pray in a neighbouring church, and fell into a trance in which the burial place of Saint Gervasius and his brother was miraculously revealed to him. The relics were borne in solemn procession to the new basilica, which was dedicated to them, and wonderful miracles were worked by them as they passed along the street. After the death of St. Ambrose, who was laid to rest between them, the church was called by his name. The bodies of the three saints (St. Ambrose in the centre), all dressed in gorgeous vestments and lying in a magnificent sarcophagus, may still be seen in the crypt, under the high altar of the remarkable old church, which preserves in the beautiful atrium and the facade, the form of the original building.

NOTE 5. Erasmus of Narni (not Narma as Casola wrote), surnamed Gattamelata, perhaps on account of the quiet catlike astuteness he displayed in his military strategy and tactics, was one of the most celebrated Condottieri chiefs in the service of the Venetian Republic during the fifteenth century. His most famous achievements were (a) the victory won at Rovato (July, 1438) over Niccolo Piccinino, who commanded the troops of the Visconti; (b) his skilful retreat with his troops, the same year, from Brescia towards Verona; for which he received generous gifts from the Republic, and his family was admitted to the Venetian Patriciate; (c) the battle he won near Arco (9 Nov., 1439) over the Marquis of Mantua and Piccinino. Gattemelata retired from active service 1440 to Padua, where he died 1443. An equestrian statue in bronze, the work of Donatello, was erected to his memory in the Piazza in front of the Church of St. Anthony. In the same church, his wife caused the chapel of the sacrament to be built, to contain the ashes of her husband, and of her son who died 1456. The bas reliefs in bronze which adorn the chapel were designed and executed by Donatello between 1446 and 1449.

NOTE 6.

Antenor. In 1274, while excavations were being made near the Hospital of the Casa di Dio at Padua, a cypress coffin was discovered, with a lead coffin inside it which contained the body of a man with a sword lying by his side. Near the coffins two vases were also found full of gold coins of considerable value. The results of later research made it probable that the body was that of a Hunnish soldier. A certain Lovato or Lupato, however, promptly declared the corpse to be that of Antenor the famous Trojan, to whom legend attributed the foundation of Padua. He thereupon persuaded his fellow-citizens to celebrate the discovery with sumptuous festivals, and to build a tomb, magnificent for its day, to contain the remains. This tomb is still to be seen near the University and the Ponte di San Lorenzo.

NOTE 7.

The pilgrims, whether Italian or Ultramontane, who chose Venice as their port of embarcation, came on foot or on horseback as far as Pavia, or Padua, or Treviso, or Mestre, according to the route selected, and then performed the rest of the voyage to the Lagoon-City by river or canal. Those who had come on horseback generally either sold their horses, or left them with an innkeeper, or a friend, to be kept for them till they came back, others however sent them back home. Casola tells us that before entering the boat at Padua to go to Venice, he recommended the horse he had ridden from Milan, to the innkeeper, "as is the custom." Something must have happened to the animal, however, because on his return to Padua he was obliged to hire a horse from the host, which he gave up at Vicenza, having obtained another from a Milanese whom he met there.

NOTE 8.

Don Taddeo Vicomercato. A large number of despatches sent by Don Taddeo (or Tadiolo, as Casola calls him) Vicomercato to Milan, while he was Milanese Ambassador to Venice in the years 1491-1496, are preserved in the Archives of his native city. There are few, however, for the month of May, 1494, and Casola is not mentioned in them. On the 16th of June, 1494, Don Taddeo wrote to his master amongst other items of news:--"The mercantile galleys which leave Venice every year are twenty-two in number, including the pilgrim galley, which has gone on its way."(1) On the 31st of October, 1494, the Milanese Ambassador informed the Duke that "This morning the pilgrim galley arrived. Frate Francesco Trivulzio died on board of it, and was buried at Rhodes on the way back from Jerusalem. I have not heard anything else of sufficient importance to be worthy of being brought under the notice of your Highness."(2) Later on Don Taddeo was ambassador for Milan to Lucca, Imola, Bologna, Siena and Florence. He died in 1509.

NOTE 9.

The chapter in Sansovino,(3) which is devoted to a description of the private palaces in Venice, concludes thus:--"So many and such splendid edifices, with others near them of greater or less importance, form a most great and spacious city; which to subtle observers reveals itself to be not one city alone, but many separate cities all joined together. Because, whoever looks at a plan in which the bridges are not marked will see that the city is divided into many large, fortified places and cities, each surrounded by its own canals; and people pass from one to the other by means of bridges--whether of stone, as they are for the most part, or of wood--which bind the whole city together. The shops also, which are scattered over the whole body and circumference of the said city, also make it appear to be made up of many cities joined into one. Because every Contrada(4) has not one church alone, but several churches. There is also a piazza with wells; and it has bakehouses, wineshops, the arts of the tailors, the fruitsellers, the grocers, the chemists, the schoolmasters, the carpenters, the shoemakers, and everything else necessary for the use of human beings in great abundance. The result is that on going out of one Contrada and entering another, you will say without doubt that you have gone out of one city, and entered another."

NOTE 10.

The Ducal Palace, begun by Angelo Partecipazio in 809 or 810, was in great part destroyed by fire during the revolution which led to the death of the Doge Pietro Candiano, and rebuilt between 991 and 1009 by the Doges Pietro I. and II. Orseoli. It afterwards suffered from four other great fires which did inestimable damage. The first of these great

1. Archives of Milan, Potenze Esteri, Venezia.

2. Idem.

3. Venezia descritta, da M. Francesco Sansovino, Venetia, 1604.

4. i.e., District or quarter.

NOTE 11. Prisons. The chief prisons in Venice in the Middle Ages were in the Ducal Palace itself, though every "Sestiere " or sixth part of the city had its own separate prisons for debtors and persons guilty of slight

1. See F. Zanotto in Venezia a le sue lagune, vol. ii.part ii.

2. Malipiero, see Annals of, in the Archivio Storico Italiano, vol. vii.

3. Malipiero, p. 673.

NOTE 12.

Broletto was the popular name at Milan for the Palazzo di Corte, the early residence of the Visconti and the seat of the government offices, especially of the Courts of Justice. It stood on the site now occupied by the S. W. part of the enlarged Duomo (which it was destroyed

1. Maggior Consiglio, vol. vii. 5th July, 1321, p. 19b.

2. Maggior Consiglio, vol. vil. 2nd March, 1328, p. 127.

NOTE 13.

The date of the institution of the College or Tribunal known as the Signori di Notte, i.e., The Lords of the Night, cannot be given precisely. According to Marino Sanuto the elder, it existed before 1250, and this chronicler asserts that it consisted at first of one, and then of two persons, who divided the inspection of the city between them, until, in 1262, their number was increased to six, one being elected for each Sestiere of Venice. In any case from that time there were always six of them, and their duty was to watch over the safety of the city, especially at night, protect it from fire, and punish murderers, thieves, fornicators, bigamists, swindlers, tenants who did not pay their rents, etc. They were empowered to pronounce sentence of death, but there was an appeal, first to the magistrates known as Del Proprio, and second to the highest criminal and civil court, called the Quarantia. In 1544 the Maggior Consiglio created a second College of six Lords of the Night. Henceforth the older body was known as the Signori di Notte al Criminale, and dealt with criminal matters. The new body called the Signori di Notte al Civile, had jurisdiction in Civil cases. see Venezia e le Sue Lagune, vol. i., p. 72, and p. 155. Mutinelli, Glossario, p. 370. Ferro, Diritto Comune a Veneto, vol. ii., p. 693.

NOTE 14.

The Church. of S. Maria della Carita was one of the oldest in Venice, and built at first of wood. In 1120 the Patrician Marco Zulian offered all his substance to the Papal Legate to erect it in stone together with the Convent, which in 1134 received a certain number of Regular Canons of St. Augustine. Pope Alexander III. consecrated the church and enriched it with indulgences; whence arose the custom that every year the Doge and the Signoria went there in state on the 5th of April, to take advantage of the same. The church was rebuilt in 1446 and beautified in the following century. The famous congregation or Scuola della Carita, instituted 1260 in the Church of St. Leonard, erected its meeting hall in 1344, beside the Church and Convent of the Carita. Tradition relates that Pope Alexander III., fleeing before the Emperor Barbarossa, came to Venice in disguise 1177, and passed the first night, either on the bare ground near the Calle del Perdon at S. Appollinare, or as others recount, under the porch of the Church of S. Salvatore; that he went the next morning to the Monastery of the Carita, and was received as a simple priest, or according to another version, as a scullion, and that he remained there six months. V. Tassini, Curiosita Veneziane, pp. 148, 150 and 550.

NOTE 15.

The Pregadi [from Pregare Ital=to pray, to beg]. The Venetian Senate was also known as the " Pregadi," because in early times the Doges, on occasions of special importance were in the habit of summoning, and begging for the counsel of certain of the leading citizens. The number and the choice of the individuals depended entirely on the Doge's good pleasure. The citizens thus gathered together formed a purely consulting body; all real power being reserved to the Great Council. As, however, the latter generally accepted the advice of the Pregadi which was open to the suspicion of unduly favouring the policy of the Doges, it was decided, early in the thirteenth century, to replace the irregular and arbitrary body by a permanent one elected from the Great Council itself. The new Council was called the Senate; at the same time it kept the old name of "Pregadi," though the members were no longer invited but elected.

NOTE 16.

As the Palace in Venice belonging to the Duke of Milan had been confiscated and sold during the wars which preceded the Peace of Lodi (1454), the Venetian Government bought a house at San Polo from the heirs of the famous Condottiere Gattamelata, and presented it to Francesco Sforza in 1458. A few years later (1461) the latter sold the house at San Polo to Masco Cornaro, father of Catherine of Cyprus for 12,000 ducats, and at the same time bought from Marco Cornaro for 20,000 ducats the foundations of a magnificent palace begun by Marco's brother Andrea in 1453 on the Grand Canal. The difference in the price (8,000 ducats) was to be paid by Duke Francesco in five annual rates of 1,600 ducats each, beginning with the lst of January, 1463. But Cornaro had to wait for his money. Finally Sforza decided to pawn the ducal jewels for 5,500 golden ducats to pay his debts in Venice, and through the intervention of the Doge, Marco Cornaro, received in February, 1465, two instalments. Not long after, Francesco Sforza died, and his son Galeazzo turned a deaf ear to Cornaro's requests for payment. In 1478, however, the Duchess Bona authorised Masco Cornaro to collect a ducat above the usual price (fixed in 1460 at ten ducats) on every moggio of salt brought into Milan from Venice--and this up to the extinction of the debt. The Palace begun by Andrea Cornaro, and designed by Master Bartolomeo Bono, the mason and architect, was described in the Act of Sale as "The house begun on the Grand Canal in the Contrada of Saint Samuel," etc. And with more precision by Marco Cornaro, in the description he sent to Francesco Sforza as follows:--"The facade on the Grand Canal has two towers on that side, which are of marble cut diamond fashion, and the riva between the two towers has very large columns of marble." By these descriptions, the foundations, which never seem to have been carried any further, may still be recognised. For, after passing under the Academy bridge on the way to the station, there is to be seen on the right-hand side, at the corner of the Rio del Duca, and nearly opposite the Rio Malpaga, a group of very ordinary looking houses rising from a foundation evidently intended for a large and imposing palace. This is the Rio del Duca, that is the House of the Duke, and according to the popular tradition the Venetian Government, alarmed at the size and strength of the building, stopped the construction. There does not seem, however, to be any authentic record of any such prohibition; and the money difficulties of Francesco and his successors, together with the complications produced by the French Invasions, sufficiently explain why the building was not continued. In 1494, when Casola saw the beginning of the handsome structure and wished "for the honour of the Milanese " that it had been completed, it still belonged to the Sforzas; and it is not certain when it passed out of their hands. Probably it was confiscated in 1499, when the Venetians, in league with Louis of France against Lodovico il Moro, conquered Cremona. On that occasion the Venetian " Provveditori," who were with the army--Melchiore Trevisan and Marcantonio Morosini--brought home some famous marble trophies. Trevisan's grandson fixed two of these into the walls of the courtyard and garden of their house at the Gindecca; while Morosini built those that fell to his share into the wall of the courtyard in his house at Santa Giustina. Early in the 16th century the Ca' del Duca, that is the simple building set up on the Colossal foundations of Andrea Cornaro and Bartolomeo Bon, was occupied in part by Master Bartolomeo himself; and Titian kept models here for the pictures he was commissioned to paint for the hall of the Great Council. In the time of Francesco Sansovino it belonged to the Grimani family. (See Cronaca Magna, Marciana, Venice. Sansovino, Venezia Descritta, Edition of 1604, p. 266b. Tassini, Curiosita Veneziane, p. 241. Luca Beltrami, La Ca' del Duca, Milan, 1899. Cantu, Scorsa di un Lombardo negli Archivi di Venezia, Milan, 1856.)

NOTE 17.

The large number of warehouses and the immense accumulation of merchandise in mediaeval Venice was due to the trading system pursued. The merchant galleys were not allowed to go directly, from a port where goods were bought, to the port of exchange; but every voyage was required to begin and end at Venice. Venice became, therefore, the place of deposit until at least the following year, when the new voyages were made; and foreign merchants crowded there to make their purchases. Two great events, however, which immediately preceded and followed Casola's visit very soon changed the current of trade and began to empty the Venetian warehouses. If the discovery of America in 1492 had not made its due impression on the Venetians, things were very different when a few years later tidings came that Portuguese ships had circumnavigated Africa, arrived in India, and returned laden with spices and other Eastern products, which were sold cheaply at Lisbon. "All the city of Venice was greatly impressed and alarmed, and the wisest men held that this was the worst news that could ever come to the city . . . . Because the spices which came to Venice, passed through the whole of Syria and the countries subject to the Sultan, paying exorbitant duties in every place, so that when they arrived in Venice the value of an article which, in the beginning, was worth a ducat, was raised as high as sixty and even a hundred ducats. As the voyage by sea was exempt from these oppressive taxes, it came to pass that the Portuguese could sell the goods they brought at a much lower price." (Girolamo Priuli Diarii, p. 108, in Romania, Storia Documentata di Venezia, vol. iv., p. 461.)

NOTE 18.

Fondaco dei Tedeschi. From very early times various nations such as the Germans, Greeks, Tuscans, etc., having extensive trading relations with Venice, had houses assigned to them for their representatives and their merchandise, by the Government of the Republic. From at least the thirteenth century, the Fondaco which stands to-day on the same site, was allotted to the Germans or Tedeschi; and in 1268 three Patricians called "Visdomini" were appointed to direct the affairs of the Fondaco dei Tedeschi. In 1505 a violent fire reduced the building to ashes; and during the reconstruction, completed in 1508, the senate lodged the Germans provisionally in the house of the Lippomano at Santa Fosca. The outer walls of the New Fondaco, were decorated with frescoes by Giorgione and Titian. The pilgrims to Venice were met as they entered the city by a crowd of agents who with noisy importunity extolled the merits of the hostels they represented. Some went directly to quarters bespoken in advance, at the houses of friends or agents. Priests and monks were received at certain of the monasteries. Knights and merchants established themselves at one of the inns which existed in Venice from very ancient times; and amongst these there were several German houses. The chief of the German hostels was the Fondaco dei Tedeschi on the Grand Canal, just below the Rialto Bridge. Ordinary pilgrims might go where they liked; but all German merchants were obliged to live here, and deliver up to the House Steward on their arrival, their weapons, their money, and their merchandise. Here the whole German trade in Venice was concentrated and placed under the control of the State officials, who in spite of their close protective system and high duties, favoured the German merchants on the whole. The Fondaco contained not only dwelling rooms and bed rooms, but also a large restaurant, where good eating and drinking was to be had. If, however, the Germans had little to complain of with regard to their treatment in general, the time limit imposed on the visits to the eating room formed a standing grievance; they wanted it open night and day after the well-known German necessity--long ago noted by Tacitus--To take just one more drink. (See Rohricht, preface to Deutsche Pilgerreisen, Innsbruck, 1900.)

N0TE 19.

"Round the roofs" (of the palaces and houses) "run the gutters of hard stone, by which the rain water descends through hidden pipes into the wells" (which are provided with an ingenious system of filtration), "where it is purged of the grosser material and turns again to the benefit of man. Because as there are no rivers there (i.e., in Venice), nor foundations of solid earth where springs of sweet waters could be found, the cisterns are used, and their water is healthier and more easily digested than spring water, which is very crude. There are a great number of these wells or cisterns--both public and private--throughout the city, so that every piazza, or campo, or corte, has its well, made at the public expense, and for the greater part on special occasions." (Sansovino-Venetia Descritta, p. 261.) The modern system of reservoir, aqueduct, and pipes in the separate houses has supplemented but not superseded the old system in Venice, especially for the poorer classes. The water carriers and water sellers formed themselves into a guild in the 14th century, and, elected as its protector St. Constantius, because this saint "caused the lamps to burn with water without any liquor or oil as Messer St. Gregory relates."(1)

NOTE 20.

Fra Francesco Trivulzio belonged to one of the noblest of the aristocratic families of Milan. He was one of the five sons of Pietro Trivulzio, Lord of Codogno in the district of Lodi, by his wife Laura Bossi.(2) In the Trivulzian Library I saw an engraving of a portrait which bore the legend " B. Fran. Trivultius. Ord. Min. obyt 1482. "The portrait is that of a gentlefaced, beardless friar, holding a lily in his hand, and

1. Tassini, Curiosita Veneziane, p 6.

2. See notes on the life of Fra Fr. Trivulzio by Carlo Trivulzio inserted on loose leaves, in the MSS. copy of Casola's voyage, in the Trivulzian Library, Milan.

1. See "Panteologia eu Summa Rainerij " in the Trivulzian Library. The inscription runs thus:--Ad usum fratrie Francieci de Trivultio et pertinet loco Scl Johannis apud Lande. Recordare lector ezorare pro anima Magniflci Domini Petri de Trivultio de cujus elemosyna emptus est liber iste, qui obiit anno Domini MCCCCLXXIII die prima Decembris in civitate Terdene (?) Ill^mi Dⁿⁱ Nostri Galeaz Marie Ducis Mediolan: quinti ultra Padum tunc comissarius, ubi ego frater Franciscus primogenitus suus fui presens et credo quod mediante ordine Fratrum Minorum sit savus quia vitam suam bene finivit."

2. It was don Fermo de' Secchi, a member of this family, who entertained Casola hospitably at Calzi on the outward and homeward journey.

3. History of the Mior Friars in Milan, by Brother Pier Nicola Buonavilla, Milan, 1733.

NOTE 21.

Don John Simon Fornaro of Pavia. In Register 61, in the State Archives at Milan, which contains the " Immunita, Salvo Condotti, Grazie," etc., for the years 1493 and 1494, I found on page 206, the following:--"The eve of the 22nd April, 1494. On the aforenamed day, letters of safe conduct, valid for two years, were granted to John Simon Fornaro, citizen of Pavia and Cubiculario, who intends to go to Jerusalem and the Holy Sepulchre, with six companions." Perhaps Don John Simon was chamberlain to the young Duke Gian Galeazzo Sforza, who died in the Castle at Pavia on October 20th, 1494. The unpleasant adventures which befel Don John Simon, through his desire to bring home a parrot as a memento of his voyage, are very graphically described by Casola (chapter xiv. of the Translation).

NOTE 22.

The church and monastery of Sant' Elena or St. Helena. Casola was mistaken in attributing the foundation of this church to Alessandro Borromeo in 1420. Between 1170 and 1173 or 1175, Vitale Michael, bishop of Castello, founded a monastery on the island which lies beyond the present public gardens, and a hospice was attached for poor persons and pilgrims. In the beginning of the fifteenth century, however, Alessandro Borromeo contributed, together with a certain Tommaso Talenti, to the building of a new church, which he enriched. Borromeo also erected a chapel (in the Church), begun in Nov., 1418, where he and several relatives were afterwards buried. He came from San Miniato (Florence) and was brother of Giovanni who settled in Milan and became the ancestor of Saint Charles Borromeo. The first persons who occupied the monastery of St. Helena were regular canons living under the Augustine rule. In 1407, as the monastery, hospice, etc., had fallen into decay, Pope Gregory granted it to certain monks belonging to the congregation of the blessed virgin of Monte Oliveto--or Olivetani--founded by Saint Bernard Tolomei of Siena (born 1272). Casola is therefore mistaken also when he says that the monks of St. Helena belonged to the Camaldolese Order. The church of St. Helena has been turned to secular purposes in modern times. See PorroNote 9 to printed edition of Casola. Cicogna, Inscrizioni Venete, vol. iii., p. 337. Mrs. Jameson, Legends of the Monastic Orders, p. 149.)

NOTE 23.

The church and rrwnastery of Sant' Antonio or St. Anthony the Abbot stood almost on the extreme point of Venice, looking towards the two Castles of Saint Andrew and Saint Nicholas (on the Lido). The church was founded in 1346, and the building was occupied, first by the regular Canons of Saint Anthony, and after 1471 by the regular Canons of St. Saviour: not, therefore, by the Olivetani, as Casola declares. In 1807 church and convent were destroyed to make way for the new public gardens. (Tassini, Curiosita Veneziane, p. 35.)

NOTE 24.

San Cristoforo della Pace or Saint Christopher of the Peace. A certain Frate Simone (born at Camerino 1404) who was versed in philosophy and theology, and a man of handsome, dignified presence, and also of rare eloquence, founded a hermitage for the hermits of Saint Augustine on one of the two small islands between Venice and Murano, granted to him by the Senate for this purpose. (v. Commemorali, xii., 1436.) Saddened by the wars which desolated Italy, he made several journeys to Milan, and finally his efforts and those of Paolo Barbo, succeeded in bringing about the Peace of Lodi, 1454. Aided by the grateful Senate and by other devout persons, he built soon after, a church on the island which had been granted to him; and church and island were known henceforth as St. Christopher of the Peace. The church and monastery were demolished in 1810. Later on, the canal which separated them having been filled in, the island of St. Christopher was joined to that of St. Michael, and the two together form the present cemetery of Venice. (See Sansovino, Edition of 1604, p. 175. Romanin, Storia Documentata di Venezia, vol. iv., p. 225. Mutinelli, Glossario, p. 120.

NOTE 25.

S. Giorgio Maggiore or St. George the Greater. Casola did not see the existing church of San Giorgio. The rebuilding was begun in 1556 by Palladio, and finished in 1610. The monastery has always been occupied by Benedictine monks.

NOTE 26.

Sant' Andrea or S. Andrew. The church and monastery of Saint Andrew, belonging to the Carthusians, lay on an island beyond the island of St. Helena. The island of St. Andrew, otherwise called Sant' Andrea del Lido, was connected at low water with another island occupied by the fortress or castle of Saint Andrew, which as Casola writes, was about a bow shot from the other fortress or Castle of St. Nicholas, on the N. W. extremity of the Lido.

NOTE 27. San Francesco delle Vigne or Saint Francis in the Vineyard. Among the many vineyards in Venice in early times the largest was that belonging to the Ziani family. . This contained a tiny chapel dedicated to Saint Mark, because according to tradition this was the place where the evangelist passed the night to escape from a terrible storm, and where the angel appeared to him and prophesied the future foundation of Venice. The vineyard and chapel were bequeathed 1253 by Marco Ziani, son of the Doge Pietro to the minor observant friars who erected a new church dedicated to St. Francis. This was the building Casola saw. As it was in danger of falling, however, at the beginning of the sixteenth century, it was decided to build a new church. The first stone was laid in 1534; and it was consecrated 1582.

NOTE 28.

San Francesco dei Conventuali, as Casola calls it, is Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari, which belonged to the Conventual Friars of Saint Francis, some of whom came to Venice as early as 1227. The convent which was called the " Ca' Grande," or the big house, because of its size, was founded in 1236, and rebuilt after a fire in 1369. The church began to rise in 1250. It seems to have been rebuilt as it is at present in the fifteenth century, and it is certain that it was consecrated in 1492 by Bishop Pietro da Trani. With other foreign merchants the Milanese had their Guild in Venice. Its hall was in the Campo dei Frari, and in the Friars Church they had a side chapel and altar on the left, dedicated to Saint Ambrose. The magnificent altar piece was begun by Bartolomeo Vivarini, and completed after his death by Basaite, 1498. It represents the Archbishop, Saint Ambrose, seated on his throne in his episcopal robes, with attendant saints. It is uncertain when the Milanese first took possession of the Chapel of St. Ambrose, but it was probably not long before 1421.

NOTE 29. The church and monastery of the Servants of Mary or Santa Maria dei Servi, were begun in 1318 by certain friars who had lately come to Venice from Florence, the cradle of their order. The church was only finished in 1474. Church and monastery were almost totally destroyed in 1813, and the few remains were incorporated in a modern building. It was in this monastery that Fra Paolo Sarpi passed his life; and he died here in 1631. Early in the fourteenth century a number of merchants and workmen driven from Lucca by faction, settled in Venice, where they perfected, if they did not found the silk industry. A certain part of the city was assigned to them for their residence. It lay between the well-known tortuous Calle dells Bissa (or Snake) and the church of all the Holy Apostles. With the permission of the Venetian Government, they formed in 1360 a guild, under the protection of the "Volto Santo," the name given to a marvellous crucifix venerated at Lucca. In 1370 they obtained a piece of ground near the Church of the Servi, where they built an oratory with a cemetery attached. Finally in 1398 they secured from the Servite fathers a piece of empty ground opposite the Church of the Servi, where they erected their Guild Hall.

NOTE 30.

San Nicolo o San Niccoletto del Lido or Saint Nicholas of the Lido. Saint Nicholas the patron Saint of Sailors was naturally one of the patron Saints of Venice. The church dedicated to him at the entrance to the Lido port was built by order of the Doge Dominico Contarini, whose body was buried there. The monastery was filled with Benedictines from San Giorgio Maggiore.

NOTE 31.

The Monastery of San Giorgio in Alga or de Alga-that is Saint George among the Seaweed--stood on a small island between Venice. and Lizza Fusina on the mainland. The first monks were Benedictines. They were replaced by Regular Canons of St. Augustine, with whom San Lorenzo Giustiniani, afterwards the first Patriarch of Venice, embraced the religious life. In 1690 the Augustine Canons were succeeded by Carmelite friars of the reform of St. Theresa.

NOTE 32.

Santa Maria dell' Orto or Saint Mary in the Orchard, commonly known as the Madonna dell' Orto, was first dedicated to St. Christopher. In 1377, however, an image of the Virgin was discovered in a neighbouring garden, and placed in the church which took the name of the Madonna dell' Orto, or Santa Maria Odorifera. The monastery was first inhabited by the monks called the "Umiliati"--a congregation instituted at Milan by San Giovanni di Meda. They were expelled in 1462 and replaced by some of the exemplary canons from San Giorgio in Alga. In 1668 the regular canons were suppressed and succeeded by Cistercians from Torcello. The church was erected towards the middle of the fourteenth century by Fra Tiberio of Parma. Though church and convent were restored, the facade of the church probably remains as it was built.

NOTE 33.

According to the legend, the church of San Zaccaria or St. Zaccharia was one of the eight churches founded in consequence of a revelation made to St. Magnus bishop of Ereclea. The annexed convent was filled with Benedictine nuns. In 1105 church and convent were burnt down; but they were soon rebuilt. About 1456 the modern renaissance church was begun, in which, part of the previous church, including the nuns' choir was incorporated. From a certain analogy in the style, it has been attributed to Martin Lombardi the architect of the School of St. Mark. The church was not completely finished until 1515.

NOTE 34.

Opposite the church of San Pietro or Saint Peter in Castello rose the Convent of the Nuns, called the Virgins, who professed the Augustine rule. On the 15th of November, 1487, Malipiero wrote in his diary--"The Convent of the Nuns, called the `Verzene,' was burnt for the second time," and he added: " It has been rebuilt by public and private offerings, and by means of indulgences obtained at Rome." In the nineteenth century church and convent were destroyed, and the site included in the enlarged arsenal.

NOTE 35.

The Church and Convent of Santa Maria de Caelestibus, commonly called della Celestia, or the Zelestre, was begun in 1237 in Castello for the use of Cistercian nuns who came from Piacenza to Venice. In 1810 the Church and Convent were absorbed into the Arsenal.

NOTE 36.

For the laxity of monastic discipline in Venice, see the Registers called the Raspe; various chronicles such as that attributed to Savina; and also Gallicciolli Memorie Venete II., and Tassini Curiosita Veneziane, pp. 174, 175, 179, etc.

NOTE 37.

It is curious at first sight that Comines, the French Ambassador to Venice from October 1494, to May 1495, made the same observation in almost the same words:--"C'est la plus triumphante cite que j'aye jamais veue," he says, "et qui plus faict d'honneur a ambassadeurs et estrangiers, et qui plus saigement se gouverne, et ou le service de Dieu est le plus sollempnellement faict: et encores qu'il y peust bien avoir d'aultres faultes, si croy je que Dieu les a en aide pour le reverence qu'ilz portent au service de l'Eglise." Memoires de P. de Comines. Liv : vii. Ch : xviii. It will be noted, howover, that on his return to Venice from the Holy Land, Casola met the French Ambassador at the house of Don Taddeo Vicomercato the Milanese Ambassador, and passed a good deal of time in his company. On that occasion as Casola gives us to understand, they exchanged their impressions about many things in the city which was new and fascinating to both of them, and very probably discussed amongst other topics the attitude of the Republic towards religion and the Church. This probably explains why they expressed themselves in such similar words on the subject in writing their Memoirs.

NOTE 38.

San Giovanni a Paolo. In 1234 the Doge Giacomo Tiepolo gave to the Dominican friars a tract of land on which to build their church and convent. The latter was entirely finished in 1293, and its two centuries of life qualified Casola's admiration when he saw it in 1494. The church, begun in 1246, was only completed in 1430. It is dedicated to the Roman brothers and martyrs Saint John and Saint Paul, who were put to death by Julian the Apostate. The Dominicans who settled in Venice were emigrants from the convent of these saints at Rome. The friars of SS. Giovanni a Paolo (Saints John and Paul) granted in 1438 a piece of land beside their church to the brothers of the School of St. Mark, who built their hall there and went to it in solemn procession on St. Mark's day. In 1485 the Assembly Hall was accidently burnt. Malipiero the Chronicler writes: "In 1485, on the 1st of April, the evening of Holy Thursday, the brethren of the School of St. Mark, met in their Hall to go to the Church of St. Anthony, and departed, leaving the candles alight on the altar. The wind opened a window on the west, and blew the curtain on to the candles; the curtain then set fire to the altar and the roof, so that in four hours everything was burnt. And it was fortunate that the Church of San Zuan Polo [SS. John and Paul] was not burnt as well. Afterwards, with the help of the Signoria and the brethren, the Hall has been rebuilt finer and larger than it was before." The architect was Martin Lombardi; and the work was finished not long before Casola visited Venice.

NOTE 39.

The Church of San Domenico belonged to the Dominican friars. Church and convent were built early in the fourteenth century with a legacy left by the Doge Marino Zorzi. In the beginning of the nineteenth century church and convent, like those of St. Anthony, were destroyed to make way for the public gardens.

NOTE 40.

The Church of the Madonna dei Miracoli, or Our Lady of the Miracles. In 1480 Malipiero wrote in his diary:--"This year, has begun the adoration of the Madonna dei Miracoli, which was at the door of the Corte Nuova, opposite some houses belonging to the Amadi in Calle Stretta. Owing to the concourse of the people, it was necessary to take away the image and carry it into the Courtyard of the Palazzo Amadi. And great offerings of wax, statues, money, and silver were made. amounting to about 400 ducats a month. And the inhabitants of the Contrada created six Procurators, among the others, Leonardo Loredano, procurator. And in process of time 3,000 ducats were collected, and with them the Cons Nuova was bought from the Bembo, Querini and Barozzi families. And there, a most beautiful temple has been built with a monastery attached, and in the convent nuns have been placed from St. Clara at Murano." The miraculous Madonna referred to was a picture of the Virgin which had been painted by order of Francesco Amadi, and put upon the wall near his house. The beautiful renaissance Church begun in 1480 was completed in 1487, and the image was placed there.

NOTE 41.

The Arsenal. In the Diary of Malipiero [part I., p. 662] there is the following notice: "1472 in the month of June, the `Arsenals Nuovissimo' was begun--between the Arsenal and the Convent of the Virgins--in remembrance of Giacomo Morosini the uncle, patron of the Arsenal. It is capable of holding a hundred galleys; and this place is called Babylon." Casola refers to this, the third extension of the Arsenal, which was transferred to its present site at the beginning of the twelfth century. The first extension was begun in 1303 or 1304, and continued up to 1390; the second, called the New Arsenal, was begun in 1325; the third in 1473; the fourth in 1538 or 1539; and the fifth in 1564. Two centuries later, the Austrians twice enlarged the Arsenal, in 1810 and in 1820-28. The place outside the Arsenal, where the cords were made, was called the "Casa del Canevo" [from " Canapa," hemp; and " Canapo," a cable made of hemp] or the "Tana." It was not only a department of the Arsenal (though separate from the latter); but also the emporium, where all the hemp belonging to the State or to private individuals was warehoused. The best was chosen for the heavy ropes and cables of the ships of war and commerce; and no one was permitted to manufacture ropes, having more than a certain thickness, elsewhere. Three Patricians who held office for 16 months, presided over the Tana. In the fourteenth century they were called "Ufliciali alla Camera del Canevo"; in the sixteenth century "Visdomini alla Tana." The Government of the Arsenal was entrusted to two distinct bodies of magistrates. The superior officials, called the "Sopra Provveditori," were chosen from among the Senators and united ripeness of judgment with the theory and practice of maritime affairs. They had civil and criminal authority over the employee; observed and regulated the conduct of the Provveditori, over whom they formed a sort of inspectorship; decided on the general line of policy to be pursued, and referred all matters to the Senate. In the beginning, that is in 1490, there were only two Sopra Provveditori (as Casola observed also in 1494 ; their number was raised to three in 1498. The second body, formed of what were called the " Provveditori," or " Patroni," that is the Directors of the Arsenal, was a very ancient magistracy. It consisted of three Patricians, not necessarily Senators, who had experience of naval affairs. By a law of 1442, the Provveditori were obliged to reside, during their term of office of 32 months, in three separate palaces near the Arsenal, called, one Paradise, another Purgatory, the third the Inferno. The reason for these quaint names is not precisely known, though it is probably to be sought in the more or less advantageous positions of the palaces, and the more or less comfortable arrangements of the rooms inside. Each Provveditore had also to take turn in sleeping for fifteen nights inside the Arsenal and keep the keys by him. Besides the material custody of the Arsenal, the business of the Provveditori was to arrange and distribute the work and direct its execution, manage the accounts, punish offences on the part of their subordinates and so forth.

NOTE 42.

Saint Augustine and the Trinity. "The famous subject called in general, the Vision of St. Augustine, represents a dream or vision related by himself. He tells us that while busied in writing his discourse on the Trinity, he wandered along the seashore lost in meditation. Suddenly he beheld a child who, having dug a hole in the sand, appeared to be bringing water from the sea to fill it. Augustine inquired what was the.object of his task. He replied that he intended to empty into this cavity all the waters of the great deep. "Impossible!" exclaimed Augustine. "Not more impossible," replied the child Christ, "than for thee, 0 Augustine, to explain the mystery on which thou art meditating." (Mrs. Jameson. Sacred and Legendary Art, vol. I., p. 313.)

NOTE 43.

The Galeotti. From early times, and certainly until nearly the middle of the sixteenth century, the oarsmen on board the "Biremi " and the "Triremi "--that is the Venetian Galleys which had had two or three men to each oar, were free men of Venice and of the subject territories. Every commune was obliged to furnish for the State ships a certain number of "Galeotti" between twenty-five and forty years of age; and when they had completed this term on board, their places were taken by others. Amongst the peasants of the country districts, the obligation to serve at sea was very unpopular, because it took them far away from their homes, into unhealthy, unfamiliar climates, and to a life contrary to their habits--making them exchange the liberty of the open fields for the narrow limits of a mediaeval ship. It was quite different with men who belonged to Venice itself, or the Eastern shores of the Adriatic. And the Signoria, in course of time, came to draw its recruits more and more exclusively from the poorer districts in Greece, Dalmatia, etc., where as Cristoforo da Canale, one of the Vice-admirals, wrote in 1539 "'Either because of some special property which heaven has bestowed on those provinces, or because of the general poverty, or because the inhabitants are familiar with the sea from their childhood upwards, the largest number of suitable men is obtained." These men also formed the crews of the galleys and sailing ships equipped and sent out by private enterprise. When a ship was ready the Captains--with the permission of the Senate--set up a table or "banco" in the Piazza, and enrolled the Volunteer Crew. These Galeotti must be carefully distinguished from the Galley slaves, or condemned criminals who were kept chained on board hulks in the "Bacino di S. Marco," opposite the Ducal palace and the piazzetta. In the pamphlet referred to of 1539, Messer da Canale asks the question:--"Whether it is better for a prince or a republic to equip the Galleys with Volunteers and free men as we do, or with chained Galley slaves"? I The reply given by Messer Alessandro Contarini, the Procurator, who advocated the Galley slave system, is a confirmation of the fact, that up to that time (1539) Venice had not used condemned prisoners on board the National Galleys as she began to do soon after.

NOTE 44.

The Chief Secretaryship. Casola refers to the chief of the ducal secretaries called the "Cancelier Grando," and does not mean to imply that he was a foreigner in the sense of not being a Venetian, but that he was not a Venetian Patrician. This was the highest position open to a man of the citizen class which came between that of the nobles and the people. The "Cancelier Grando" was appointed for life by the Senate, and he was created Cavalier. In public documents he was addressed as "Magnifico," in private he was usually called "Eccellenza." He accom-

1. Quoted in I Trirmmi, by Admiral L. Fincati.

NOTE 45.

The Corpus Domini. It was a very ancient custom in Venice for the Doge to go publicly in procession on certain days and visit certain churches. The oldest was the procession on St. Mark's day; and one of the most important was the festival of the Corpus Domini instituted 1295. On the 22nd May, 1407,(1) it was decreed by the Maggior Consiglio, in order to make the festival more solemnly imposing, that:--"On the morning of the said day every year, a solemn procession should be made, and the body of Christ borne along under a handsome canopy supported by four poles, to be carried by four noble knights, and if there were no knights there, by four other nobles chosen by the Lord Duke and Councillors. At which procession should be present the serene Lord the Duke who approves, and the Councillors and other nobles who desire out of reverence for the glorious Jesus Christ our Lord, and to do honour to their country to take part in the said procession. At which procession should be present the Canons and other priests attached to the Church of St. Mark." The procession was to go out of the church, round the Piazza, and back to the church again. In 1454 it was further decreed that:--"Every year on the day of the Corpus Domini, a regular and solemn procession should be made in St. Mark's--in which should take part, the Great Schools, the regular orders of friars and monks, the congregations of secular priests, and the Bishops and mitred abbots according to custom, all well in order and wearing their vestments and ornaments. And that the Piazza of St. Mark should be covered all round with cloths which should be furnished by those engaged in the woollen industry, and that the necessary poles should be contributed by those who worked in wood. And lest the Piazza should be broken, the Procurators are to cause hard stones to be prepared, which are to stand on the ground, and in which the Poles are to be fixed."(2) This is a summary of the scene Casola describes so graphically. As every year about this time, the pilgrims who were going to Jerusalem assembled in Venice, each Venetian gentleman appeared in the procession with a pilgrim on his right hand. After the throng of pilgrims ceased, towards the end of the sixteenth century, the nobles walked, each with a poor man on his right hand, and so kept alive the

1, Maggior Consiglio deliberazioni. Leona. Carta 182 b.

2. This decree is given by Gallicciolli. Memorie Venete, Book ii. p. 272.

B>NOTE 46.

Agostino Barbarigo was one of the five sons of Francesco Barbarigo, (surnamed the wealthy), Procurator of St. Mark's, by his wife, a daughter of Nicolo Morosini.(1) Three of Francesco's sons became in their turn Procurators of S. Mark's, and two of them, Marco and Agostino, doges. Agostino was born either in 1419 or 1420. In 1482 he was Captain for the Venetian Republic at Padua; from there he was sent to assume the government of Rovigo and the Polesine just conquered from Ferrara. Shortly after he distinguished himself as Provveditore of the Venetian army in the war against the Duke of Ferrara and his allies, until, falling ill, he asked and obtained permission to return home. In 1485 he became Procurator, when his brother Marco was created Doge. The Barbarigo family was so rich, so influential, and so popular in the city that there was a time when even three of the brothers were regarded as pcssible candidates for the dukedom.(2) Girolamo, who was also a procurator, died, however, in 1468; but at the death of Marco, in 1486, Agostino was chosen to succeed his brother--an event so extraordinary, that it made a great impression on the writer Capellari, who qualifies it as an "unheard of occurrence." The Senator, Domenico Malipiero, described the new doge at the time of his election as "a man who in a short time has gained much experience in the government of this country; but he is very obstinate in holding to his own opinion." Other chroniclers declare that the death of the doge Marco Barbarigo, was due to violent anger caused by his brother Agostino.(3) The events which marked the reign of Agostino Barbarigo, belong to the general history of Venice between 1486 and 1501. During the last months of his life, "As he had become decrepit from old age, he wanted to resign, but the Fathers of the City would not let him."(4) He died in 1501, "In worse repute," says Sanuto, "than any other doge since the time of Missier Christofal Moro. It was amazing to hear the maledictions everyone bestowed upon him for his arrogance, greed, obstinacy, and avarice, and for the way in which he used to accept presents."(5) After his death,

1. Capellari. Campidoglio Veneto, Class vil. No. 8304.

2. The Annals of Venice from 1457-1500, by the Senator Domenico Malipiero, published with preface and notes in vol. vii. of the Archivio Storico Italiano, by Agostino Sagredo.

3. See note, p. 880, Annals of Malipiero, by Agostino Sagredo.

4. Capellari, Campidoglio Veneto.

5. Diario of Marino Sanuto, vol. iv. p. 113.

NOTE 47.

The Doge's seat. "The ducal throne was usually placed within the choir, on the right-hand side and almost facing the high altar. It was made of carved, inlaid and gilded walnut wood. In the middle of the back there was a very fine piece of inlaid work representing Justice with the Sword in the right hand, and the scales in the left. The throne used to be draped with crimson satin; but now instead of that it is all upholstered in cloth of gold." (Sansovino, Venezia descritta edition of 1604, p. 33.)

NOTE 48.

Don Nicolo Donato was a son of Ser Bernardo Donato. In 1491 he was elected patriarch of Aquileia, in opposition to Almoro Barbaro, nominated by the Pope. However, in 1494, after the death of Barbaro, Nicolo Donato was confirmed Patriarch of Aquileia by Pope Alexander VI. According to Ughelli he died in Cividale, 1497; others say in 1505. (Capellari, Campidoglio Veneto.)

NOTE 49. Don Tomaso Donato was a son of Ser Almorb Donato, and belonged to another branch of the Donato family. He was a friar of the order of St. Dominic, and one of the most learned prelates of his time. He died 1504, and was buried in the Church of St. Dominic in Venice. (Capellari, Campidoglio Veneto.)

NOTE 50.

The Gesuati. The religious movement which led to the institution of the order of the Gesuati was begun at Siena by Giovanni Colombini (a contemporary of St. Catherine), who was born at Siena 1304, and died at Monte Amiata 1367. He was a merchant, married to the noble Biagia Cerretani, and already father of a son and daughter at the time of his conversion 1353. When his son was dead, he gave his substance to the Convent of Santa Bonda (corruption of the names of two saints Abbondio and Abbondanzio) outside Porta Romans--where he placed his daughter Angela--on condition that his wife should be suitably maintained by the convent as long as she lived. The letters of Colombini addressed for the most part to the Abbess and Nuns of Santa Bonda bear some resemblance to the flowers of St. Francis. Either in 1366 or 1367 the order of the Gesuati was approved by Pope Urban V. It was suppressed in 1668. In the second half of the fourteenth century the Gesuati established themselves in Venice. S. Bonda is now a private villa. When at Siena, I heard the following legend:--Once upon a time, one of the nuns was in much distress about her soul. She was oppressed by the fear that her sins were so great that it was impossible for her to obtain salvation, and she wept constantly. Her companions tried in vain to comfort her. In vain they reminded her that Christ is merciful, and the Blessed Virgin full of pity for human weakness. One day she was on the Loggia of the Convent, and in reply to the consolation offered by a friend, she said: "If this branch of olive can grow where I place it in this crack between the stones, then I will believe that my sins can be forgiven." The unexpected happened! The olive branch took root and grew into a goodly tree. As it grew the nun dried her tears and lived happily in the conviction that she had found pardon.

NOTE 51.

"The Messa Secca" or dry mass "was used for the services on board the ships." (Galliccioli, Memorie Ven, Lib ii., p. 437.) There were prayers, chants, etc., and the benediction, but the Host was neither consecrated nor consumed. A Catholic friend of mine suggests that probably the Dry Mass was ordered at sea, because of the danger of sea sickness. When the patient is in danger of vomiting, the consecrated wafer is not given even to the dying.

NOTE 52.

The cases referred to by Casola, which were arranged down the centre of the deck in the "Corsia," and round the main mast, contained goods belonging to the officers of all ranks aboard the galley. The common sailors and galeotti kept their boxes and chests under the benches where they worked, slept, and probably ate also. According to the earliest known maritime statutes, issued in 1229 by the Doge Jacopo Tiepolo,(1) it was provided that each merchant, sailor, knight or priest on board a Venetian ship should be allowed to have a chest and carry in it what he pleased; no servant, however, was to have such a chest. This was confirmed in the statutes of 1255.(2) In course of time the chests which were carried by the officers and crew so increased in size, number and weight, that they constituted a source of danger, especially to the galleys. In

1. Gli Statuti Marittimi Veneziani fino at 1255, edited by R, Predelli and A. Sacerdoti, Venice, 1908.

2. Idem.

NOTE 53.

The two gentlemen appointed to the galley by the Signoria, and whose names as we learn later were Don Alvise Morosini and Don Giovanni Bernardo Vallaresso, were what in modern times would be called midshipmen, if on a man of war; or apprentices to the sea if on a merchantman. In the Venetian Navy they were known as "Nobili di poppa," or Nobles assigned to the poop, where the Captain's quarters were. It was a very ancient custom to send a certain number of patrician youths to sea in this way to learn their business; and was instituted and encouraged by " our most wise ancestors," as a decree of 1493 states, "not only to obviate the many inconveniences and disorders which occur

1. Senato Miste., Reg. 52 p. 72 b, 27th January, 1417 (i.e., 1418, modern style).

2. Senato Mar., Reg. It. p. 148, 17th May, 1448.

3. Senato Mar., Reg. it. p. 172 b, 26th August, 1448

4. According to Venetian reckoning February, 1417, because the new year began on March 1st.

5. Senato Miste., Reg. 52. p. 86 b, 7th April, 1418.

NOTE 54.

Before and for long after the invention of gunpowder and firearms, the Balestrieri or Crossbowmen, furnished a powerful arm to the Venetian fleet. All young men without distinction of caste were required to keep themselves in practice, and were eligible for appointment to a particular ship after attaining the age of eighteen. Targets were established on the Lido, and at various other places in Venice, and young men were expected to go there once a week if they belonged to the better classes, and on all great holidays if they were of poorer condition. Each armed galley or other ship carried a certain proportion of patricians among the Crossbowmen, and the importance of their position may be judged from the fact that in 1396, when permission was given to Ser Benedetto Delfino, one of the Captain-owners of the Beyrout fleet, to visit the Holy Sepulchre, he was ordered to leave one or two of his brothers in command during his absence; or "in case his brothers were not with him, one of the Noble Crossbowmen who were on board the Galley."(2) For the protection of the Pilgrim Galleys the Senate decreed 1414, that for the future, each of the galleys carrying pilgrims should be equipped with two rowers to each bench and with 20 Crossbowmen, of whom two were to be Noble.(3) The Crossbowmen were selected after having demonstrated their skill at the arsenal itself, as we learn from a decree of the Senate 1446. Ser Fantin Zorzi had been Balestriere on board a galley which had come to grief, and he had lost nearly all his goods. The Senate, therefore decreed that "the

1. Senato Mar., Reg. 14, p. 6, 1493, 30th March.

2. Senato Miste., Reg. 43, p. 135, 8th June, 1396.

3. lst March, 1414, Senato Miste., Reg. 50 p. 80 b.

NOTE 55.

Bernardino Scotto. Porro says: "I could not find anything else referring to this Bernardino Scotto son of Beltrame, save the inscription placed by his children over his tomb, which stood in the Church of the Peace. From this it appears that Bernardino Scotto was forty-seven years of age when he undertook the pilgrimage to Palestine. Scotto is mentioned once again by Casola, who on the 7th of August administered the Holy Sacrament to him and to two natives of Ragusa in the Church at Mount Sion.

NOTE 56.

Parenza and Istria generally. Istria and Venice had always an affinity of interests and customs, and from Roman times they were united in a single province. In 732 they were also united under the Jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Grado. Two centuries later the Istrian Cities asked for the friendship and alliance of the Republic of Venice, which were granted. But they did not observe their promises, and soon became nests of Pirates as of old. In 1150 a Venetian fleet reduced Parenzo, Pola, Rovigno and other cities to submission; but

1. Senato Mar., p.174, 12th September, 1440.

2. Register Regina M.C. 9th July, 14.58, given by Romanin, vol. iv. p. 478.

3. Senato Mar., Reg. 14, p. 6, 30th March, 1493.

NOTE 57.

Zara and the Province o f Dalmatia. Dalmatia was attached to the Greek Empire, though as the latter was unable to protect it, it drew always closer to Venice. In 998 Zara, Spalato and other cities placed themselves under the protection of Venice, entering at most into a condition of Vassalship, and the Doge Pietro Orseolo on his return to Venice was proclaimed Duke of Dalmatia, and the title was added to that of Doge of Venice. By degrees Venetian power increased, and Dalmatia became subject to the Republic; though the cities from time to time tried to throw off the yoke and called in the King of Hungary to help them. After numberless revolts, Dalmatia, with the cities of Zara, Trau, Spalato, Sebenico, Lesina, Curzola, etc., was finally taken by the Venetians from the King of Hungary between 1409 and 1420. Each city had its Count or Governor sent from Venice, and a Provveditore-Generale aided by a Council of Nobles was placed over the whole.

NOTE 58.

Curzola. The battle referred to by Casola took place in August, 1483. During the war between Venice and Ferrara (1482-1484), King Ferdinand of Naples, in support of his son-in-law the Duke of Ferrara, sent a fleet against Curzola. It was defeated by the inhabitants under Giorgio Viario, the then Count or Governor.

NOTE 59.

Ragusa. This city came under the Venetian domination with the rest of Dalmatia in the time of the Doge Orseolo 998. In early times the Venetian power weakened in Dalmatia until it became a simple protectorate, and the proof lies in the frequent renewal of the pacts between Venice and the Dalmatian cities, which on every propitious occasion freed themselves from foreign domination, and either governed themselves independently, or placed themselves under the protection of some powerful neighbour. Between 1122 and 1152, and again between 1204 and 1358 the Venetian Government was established solidly in Ragusa, and the series of Counts or Governors sent by the Senate is continuous for the latter period. In 1358, however, having made a secret treaty with the King of Hungary, the Ragusans, with his aid, established their independence of Venice and maintained it. In 1365 they placed themselves under Turkish protection, paying tribute, but preserving, as under the Venetians, their own proper laws. At the same time they frequently paid a small tribute to their nearer protector the King of Hungary. (Romanin, Storia documentata di Venezia, vol. viii., p. 96-97 and 455-465.)

NOTE 60.

Moorish fasting. Roberto di San Severino, in describing his journey to Mount Sinai, says:--"On Friday, the eleventh of August, as their 'Ramatana," that is their Lent, was finished, and it was their Easter day, the Interpreters, Moors, Arabs, etc., wanted to remain where they were from the morning until Vespers. Their ' Ramatana' lasts a month, and every day they fast. They neither eat nor drink until the evening, that is until the hour of the stars; and this custom is followed by the Moors as well as the Arabs. Then all night they eat and drink as much and as often as they like until sunrise on the following day."

NOTE 61.

The Island of Corfu, with the rest of the Ionian Islands, was acquired by the Venetians 1205, as part of their share of the spoils of the Greek Empire destroyed by the Fourth Crusade. It was immediately let out as fiefs to certain Venetian nobles, each of whom undertook to maintain at his own expense twenty horsemen, forty foot soldiers, and pay a tribute in addition. Within ten years the Island was lost, however, and Venetian power was not established again there permanently until 1386, when Corfu was induced to withdraw itself from the dominion of the King of Naples, and surrender to Venice. With the rest of the Ionian Islands it remained subject to the Republic until the end of the eighteenth century.

NOTE 62.

"Brugh." I succeeded in obtaining a specimen of the plant known in Milan and the neighbourhood as "brugh," through the courtesy of Monsignor Marco, Magistretti, Canon of Milan to whom I am greatly indebted for much kind help, especially in the interpretation of words and phrases in the Milanese dialect, in Casola's voyage. I sent it to Miss Clotilde von Wyss of the London Day Training College. She kindly replied as follows:--"I knew the plant at once as 'Erica Carnea,' belonging to the natural order Ericaceae; it is one of the heaths or heathers. It grows on the Alps and Fore-Alps up to a height of 2,600 metres. I do not think it has been found at a greater height. In some localities, it is used as fuel, and I know that bees feeding on it are considered to produce very delicate honey. I am nearly certain I have found Erica Carnea, in England; but not absolutely so; what I came across may have been only an allied species. I may mention that the plant chiefly grows in limestone regions; but only this summer I saw a healthy patch of it on a conglomerate. The `brugh' certainly belongs to the class called `bruyere in France."

NOTE 63.

"Eduardus de Camardino was as Casola states, one of the most distinguished members of his order. In the great chapter of 1478, he was appointed `Baglivo' (Commendator) of Longo, more correctly called Lango. In 1481, after the famous siege of Rhodes, when the Council of Knights determined to conquer Mitylene, he was elected Captain-general of the troops; but the enterprise was abandoned on account of the damage caused by various earthquakes which devastated Rhodes during that year, and of the peace made a little later with the Turks. Camardino was one of the knights sent to escort the Sultan Zem, or Gem (son of Mahomet II.), who, hard pressed by the army of his brother Bajazet, had asked permission to take refuge in Rhodes; and on several occasions he bravely defended his commendam against Turkish attacks. He died on the 13th of October, 1495, and bequeathed the third part of his large fortune to the order to which he belonged. At his death, the island of Lango (the country of Hippocrates, the Cos of the ancient Greeks, now called Stanko by the modern Greeks, and Istankoi by the Turks), which had been conquered by the Knights of Rhodes in 1315, ceased to be granted in commendam, and was henceforth governed directly by the Grand Master. When the Knights lost Rhodes, Lango also fell into the power of the Mussulmans." (Note to the printed edition of Casola's Voyage, 1855, by Count Giulio Porro.)

NOTE 64.

Capo del Ducato. After the fall of Constantinople in 1204 the Ionian Islands, Corfu, Zante, Cephalonia, and Leucadia or Santa Maura, etc., fell to the share of Venice. The Capo del Ducato, or Cape of the Duchy, was in Leucadia or S. Maura. The latter island was seized by the Turks in 1472 and recovered by the Venetians in 1502. It was restored to the Turks in 1573, and finally regained by Francesco Morosini in 1684. It was of great importance to the Venetians from its position between Corfu and Cephalonia, and close to the coast of Acarnania. Originally a peninsula of the mainland, it became an island when the Corinthians, in 665 B.C., dug a canal across the isthmus.

NOTE 65.

Modone and Corone. In 1204 the Morea fell to Venice on the division of the Byzantine Empire. The chief strongholds of the Republic there were Modone and Corone. In 1500 they were seized by the Turks. Modone or Methone, 7 kilometres south of Navarino, was the Pedasus of Homer. Corone on the Gulf of Messina occupied the site of the ancient Asine. Both cities were in the ancient Messenia on the S. W. of the Peloponnesus.

NOTE 66.

Wines of Modone and Cyprus. The pilgrim who wrote the voyage to the "Saincte Cyte" in 1480, confirms Casola's opinion. He says: "Il y a bon marche de pain et de chair" at Modone, "Mais les vins sont si fors et ardans, et sentent le poix si fort qu'on n'en peut boire."(1) Later on at Cyprus, Casola observed "everything in that island pleased me except that they make the wine with resin and I could not drink it." While the author of the "Saincte Cyte remarked, p. 56:-- "In Cyprus sont les plus maulvais vins qu'on puisse trouver, et sent si fort la poi qu'on n'en peult boyre." Modern travellers are equally displeased with the resinated wines of Greece.

NOTE 67.

Candia was assigned to Venice on the division of the Byzantine Empire, 1204. The island was invaluable to the Republic for its products and commerce, but the inhabitants did not easily tolerate the new dominion. The Venetians were obliged to repress many revolts, and to do so more easily sent several Colonies of Nobles and others, to whom land was granted on condition of defending it for the Republic. The chief authority was the Duke or Governor-in-Chief (elected by the Maggior Consiglio) who was also Commander-in-Chief of the forces. He was aided by two Councillors, and by a Council formed of all the Venetian and Cretan Nobles in the island. A Captain general was sent from Venice to manage military affairs, and there were separate governors in the principal cities. The Cretan citizens had a share in the management of subordinate offices. The two religions, the Greek and the Roman Catholic, were equally protected. St. Mark and St. Titus were the two patron saints

1. Le Voyage de la Saincte Cyte de Hierusalem...fait l'an mil quatre cens vingtz published by Ch. Schefer and Henri Cordier.

NOTE 68.

The Turkish pirates Arigi (also called Erichi) and Camalio were very famous in their day, and they and their exploits are frequently mentioned in the early volumes of Marino Sanuto, which refer to the years 1496-1506. In 1492 the Venetian Senate ordered the Admiral of the Gulf if possible "to seize the said Camali and others who have inflicted damage on our subjects, and drown them or hang them by the throat without any remission or regard; for besides that they merit this treatment, the terms of the peace we have with the Signor Turk, provide that the Corsairs shall be taken and punished."(1) Similar orders were also issued in 1493.(2) In 1496 Camali was seized by Turkish officials at Negropont, and taken to Constantinople where it seems Arigi had preceded him.(3) He was well received by the Sultan, to whom he made acceptable presents, and after reproofs pro forma, and a solemn order "not to exercise the art of a Pirate any more" he was taken into the Turkish naval service and placed in command of one of the two largest ships. At the same time Arigi was given the command of a large galley. Sanuto remarks sarcastically, "In this way the Signor Turk has collected all his Corsairs in Constantinople, and he will make great men of them." Arigi and Camali did not seriously think of changing their occupation; they only did their "Pirating" now in the interests of the Porte. In 1497 Arigi commanded one of a numerous Turkish squadron, which--in spite of the peace then existing between Venice and the Sultan--attacked the pilgrim galley of that year, commanded by Alvise Zorzi, near the Morea, on its way to Jaffa. The attack failed by a miracle, and Arigi presented his excuses and explained that he had made a mistake; a mistake which cost the pilgrim ship much material damage in addition to numerous dead and wounded.(4) Camali was sent several times as Turkish Admiral against the Knights of Rhodes.

NOTE 69.

The Siege o f Rhodes, 1480. Santo Brasca who arrived at Rhodes, on his return from Jerusalem, on the 9th September, 1480, wrote:--"I went to see the damage done by those cursed Turkish dogs to that poor city," and then went on to describe the famous siege which had just

1. Senato Secreta, Reg, 34, p. 132, and p. 144.

2. Senato Secreta, Reg. 34, pp. 169, 171, 172.

3. Marino Sanuto, Diarii, vol. 1. pp. 10, 83, 826, 977.

4. See Introduction, pp. 102, 103.

NOTE 70.

In the wars between the Knights of Rhodes and the Turks no quarter was given on either side. Robert of San Severino recounts under date Sunday, the 11th of June, 1458, that on the preceding day news had come that a galley belonging to the Knights of Rhodes had taken three Turkish ships which were to be brought to Rhodes that day or the next, "And as soon as they arrived, the captured Turks, two hundred and fifty in number, were to be cut to pieces or impaled, as is the custom to do to them when they are taken by the Knights of Rhodes. Because they do the same and worse to the Knights, when they happen to get hold of them."

NOTE 71.

Robert of San Severino relates that he and his companions went in 1458, "to see the said thorn which is in the said Castle" at Rhodes, "in a chapel, and kept in a silver tabernacle. And every Good Friday according to what the said Knights said, and also all the people of Rhodes, who have seen this miracle,--at the sixth hour, it begins to flower and remains in flower until the ninth hour." Santo Braca saw the thorn in 1480, and relates:--"Amongst the relics, there is a miraculous thorn taken from the crown which was placed on Christ's head during his passion, and it lies in a crystal which is kept in a silver tabernacle. At the sixth hour on Good Friday, this most holy thorn begins to blossom and remains in blossom until the ninth hour. Then the flowers retire within the said thorn. This miracle has been seen by many witnesses, and it is certified by those gentlemen, the Knights, and by all the people of Rhodes. This miracle happens, they say, because it was one of the thorns, which pierced the most precious head of our Lord."

NOTE 72.

Cyprus. The first treaty between Venice and Cyprus was arranged in 1306. The island was most important to Venetian commerce, because of its products (especially wine) and its proximity to Syria. There was a long fight to establish Venetian supremacy over that of the Genoese, her great rivals in the Mediterranean, until finally in 1472 King James of Cyprus married Catherine Cornaro, daughter of Marco and of Fiorenza Crispo (daughter of Nicolo Crispo, Duke of the Archipelago). After the death of King James, 1473, the Genoese renewed their efforts to oust the Venetians, by supporting the rival candidate to the throne. The island was also threatened by the Sultan of Cairo and the Ottoman Turks, and the Government of Catherine was too weak to cope with the situation. In 1488, therefore, her brother George Cornaro was sent to persuade her to resign and come to Venice, where she died 1510. In 1489 the government of Cyprus was directly assumed by the Venetian Republic, which was confirmed in the possession of the island by the Sultan of Egypt. It was governed by a Lieutenant elected by the Senate for two years, who resided at Nicosia. He was aided by two Councillors. There was also a Captain, who resided at Famagosta. On the 3rd July, 1570, the Turks landed at the Salines, and in August of the same year they took Nicosia. Famagosta defended by Captain Marcantonio Bragadino was obliged to surrender August, 1571, after a resistance of two months. Bragadino and the other defenders were cruelly killed by the Turks, who violated the terms of surrender. Bragadino after the terrible tortures, was flayed alive in the Piazza of Famagosta.

NOTE 73.

Porro says: "The King of England who, according to Agostino Contarini, destroyed Limasol, must have been Richard Coeur de Lion, because he was the only English King who went on a Crusade to Palestine. However this may be, in 1248, when Louis IX. of France landed there, the city was still flourishing. We find the real causes of its ruin in the History of Cyprus by Loredano. Speaking of the terrible hurricane which burst over the island on the 10th of November, 1330, he says that Limasol was entirely destroyed and 2,000 persons perished. The decadence of Limasol then probably dates from that period, and the wars, and invasions of the Moors, no doubt afterwards contributed to its total ruin."

NOTE 74.

Episcopia. "After the downfall of the Latin States in Syria, amongst other branches of industry transferred to the island of Cyprus, one of the most important was the cultivation and manufacture of Sugar. The plantations were scattered over the island, but the cultivation was principally concentrated in the districts of Baffo and Limasol. The Kings of Cyprus occupied themselves personally with this industry. The sugar was generally sold to Venetian merchants, though it was not refused to those of other nations. The great Venetian family of the Cornaro, possessed vast plantations at Episcopia (or Piskopi) near Limasol. Gistele calls them `the chief factories for the manufacture of sugar in the whole island.' The Cornaro property touched that of the Casal de Colossi, belonging to the knights of Rhodes, who had extensive fields of sugar canes there."(1) When Roberto da San Severino reached Cyprus June 16th, 1458, he noted "A small castle called Episcopia, which produces large quantities of sugar. It belongs to a Venetian gentleman called Don Andrea Cornaro, who was banished to Cyprus by the Signoria of Venice." Don Andrea was a brother of Marco, and therefore uncle of Catherine, Queen of Cyprus.

NOTE 75.

The Prior or Guardian of Mount Sion was the Prior of the Franciscan friary there, as well as Superior-general of all the houses belonging to that order in the Holy Land, and Papal Vicar and Legate for all the countries of the East. When a pilgrim ship reached Jaffa it was always obliged to lie at anchor, until in answer to the captain's letters, the acting governor of Jerusalem, the Prior of Mount Sion or his deputy, and the Emirs of Rama and Gaza arrived. The Prior's duty was to accompany the pilgrims to Jerusalem and back to Jaffa. and to aid the Captain in making arrangements for their comfort, and for facilitating the expedition as much as possible; though he was generally helpless to prevent a great many annoyances or worse, as Casola and other writers of pilgrim voyages plainly demonstrate. On shipboard, before they landed, or if not then, either at Jaffa or Rama, the Prior was in the habit of giving the pilgrims in Italian and in Latin, a series of rules for their guidance, which other pilgrims, or the interpreters attached to the party, translated for the benefit of those who did not understand these two languages. Although Casola does not distinctly say that he did so on this occasion, it is hardly likely that Fra Francesco Suriano departing from the custom of his predecessors,--omitted to give the usual general instructions.

NOTE 76.

Fra Francesco Suriano was a Venetian patrician, a Franciscan friar, and the historian of the Franciscan Missions in the Holy Land. His Treatise on the Holy Land has been sympathetically edited in 1900 by Father Girolamo Golubovich. Suriano was born in Venice in 1450, and went on his first voyage to the Eastern Mediterranean at the age of twelve. Between 1462 and 1475 he accomplished at least sixteen

1. Heyd, Hist. du Comrncrce du Levant, vol. ii. p. 687.

NOTE 77.

"The Christians o f the Girdle are so-called because their ancestors were converted by the miracles performed by Saint Thomas the Apostle with the girdle of the glorious Virgin Mary, which he received from her when she ascended into heaven. In remembrance of this, and in sign of devotion, when they enter the churches for worship, they put on a girdle made like those sold for the measure of the Holy Sepulchre. According to what people say the girdle they wear is exactly like that of the glorious Virgin."(2) Santo Brasca and other pilgrims give similar accounts of the Christians of the Girdle. In enumerating the religious sects found in his time in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Fra Francesco Suriano says:--"The eighth are the Syrians, that is the Christians of the Girdle."

1. Voyage to Jerusalem, undertaken by Roberto da Sanseverino is 1459.

2. Il Trattato di Terra Santa, by Fra Fr. Suriano, edited by Father G. Golabovleb, 1900 chap. xxlii. p. 84.

NOTE 78.

The prisons called the Ancient Stinche were built by the Commune of Florence in 1303. They received this name because the first persons who were imprisoned there, were prisoners taken in an attack on a Castle of Val di Grieve, called Stinche. Later on the New Stinche were built. In these prisons were confined prisoners for debt and also those condemned to imprisonment for life.

NOTE 79.

The "little village" in question was Lydda, "which is nigh to Joppa " It was called in Roman times Diospolis, and believed to be the place of the martyrdom of St. George of Cappadocia, the dragon slayer, the patron saint of England, and one of the patron saints of Venice. He was beheaded in the great persecution of Diocletian after suffering cruel tortures. The church built over his tomb was destroyed by Saladin 1191. According to many mediaeval pilgrims it was rebuilt by a King of England. The Christians occupied the Eastern part of the church, while the Western part was converted by the Mussulmans into a mosque, with a very tall minaret. Felix Faber (1480 and 1483) remarks that this mosque, for its beauty and good order, seemed a paradise compared with the ruined Christian Church adjoining it.

NOTE 80.

Cotton Picking at Rama. "It is well known that after the fall of Acre, the hate of Mahometanism awoke with a new energy and that under the influence of this passionate sentiment Sanuto the elder, proposed to the Christian universe, to break off all communication with the Mussulman world. He pointed out that people bought certain articles (some very important) from the Infidels, whilst they could procure them in Christian countries. He gave as examples sugar and cotton--especially cotton, which, according to him was produced in Apulia, Sicily, Crete, Greece, Cyprus, and Armenia. But in spite of Sanuto's appeal to Christendom, the traffic retook its course between Syria and the West, and the merchant ships of Europe went as regularly as in former times to load native cotton in Laodicea, Beyrout, Tripoli (in Syria), Acre, and Jaffa." (Heyd, Hist. du Commerce, vol. ii., p. 611.)

NOTE 81.

Porro says:--"The mosque of Omar rises in the midst of a vast quadrilateral, which occupies the Eastern part of the city, towards the valley of Jehoshaphat. This was the site of the Temple of Solomon, or to be more exact, the site of the Temple, which in place of the first destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar, was erected by Zerubbabel on the return from the captivity in Babylon--and entirely rebuilt by Herod of Ascalon. When Jerusalem was taken by Titus, the temple was also destroyed, and the few remains disappeared when, under Julian the Apostate, an attempt was made to build another temple. From that time the area was abandoned until the year 635 when Omar seized Jerusalem. The Caliph began to inquire from the citizens of the conquered city, and especially from the patriarch Sophronius, where the temple of God destroyed by Titus used to stand. And the place being shown him he assigned a sufficient sum of money for the purpose and sent workmen there to build a mosque . . . . which was beautified by other Egyptian Caliphs who added vast structures round it. William of Tyre has left a description of this magnificent monument, well known to him because it was used for Christian worship during the dominion of the Latin Kings. The description is the more precious because Christians in later times were jealously excluded. He tells us amongst other details that the mosque was octagon shaped, the walls covered with marbles of different colours, and the cupola of gilded copper."(1)

NOTE 82.

The Holy Sepulchre. "This is the plan of the Holy Sepulchre of Miser Jesu Christo. The circle is the sepulchre proper. Those two cells you see, one in front of the circle and one behind the circle, have been added since the time of the passion of Our Lord. The little cell in front of the sepulchre was made in order not to leave neglected and without reverence, that square stone which you see in the middle; because it was the stone on which the angel was sitting when the Maries came and said: "Who shall roll us away the stone from the door of the sepulchre?" The other small cell behind the sepulchre was built by the Ethiopian friars or Abyssinians, in order to sacrifice there, and recite their offices and prayers." (Santo Brasca, Viaggio al Santo Sepulchro editions of 1481 and 1497.)

NOTE 83.

The church at Bethlehem. Porro says:--"The magnificent church at Bethlehem was built in the fourth century by Saint Helena, mother of Constantine the Great . . . . In 1480, as it threatened ruin, it was restored at the expense of the Minor Friars. In 1672 it was newly restored under the direction of the Patriarch of Constantinople. The beautiful mosaics which adorned it . . . were finished in 1169 A.D., as a Greek inscription which was there declared. In this church Baldwin the first was crowned 1101." From Fra Francesco Suriano we learn that the roof was made of cypress, cedar, and other very notable wood from Mount Libanon, and covered with the finest lead. It had, however, been allowed to fall into decay in the fifteenth century. "But the Virgin Mary, who watches that church continually, did not permit it to be ruined completely. She granted grace to the Venerable father Fra Giovanni Tomacello, who was Prior of Mount Sion about the year of our

1. Note to the printed edition of Casola, edited by Count Giulio Porro, 1855.

NOTE 84.

The Knights of the Holy Sepulchre. From the account of his voyage left by Ludwig Freiherr von Greiffenstein, who was a fellow traveller of Casola's, we learn that eleven of the company were dubbed Knights of the Holy Sepulchre by John of Prussia. And this is confirmed by Bemmelberg and Parsberg, who were also Pilgrims in 1494.(1) In 1458, two friends of Roberto da Sanseverino were created Knights in the Holy Sepulchre by the English Pilgrim John, earl of Exeter. Bernardo Giustinian(2) devotes a long chapter to the Knights of the Holy Sepulchre, and described minutely the ceremony of initiation.

NOTE 85.

The Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Descriptions of this church, such as that given by Casola are valuable, because in modern times great changes have been made. The church took fire in 1808. When it was restored by the Greeks, the architecture was changed. The columns were replaced by massive pillars, the form of the cupola was altered, and the mosaics which adorned the upper part of the church were not replaced. (Note by Porro to the printed edition of Casola's Voyage, edited by him in 1855.)

NOTE 86.

The tombs of the Latin Kings are described by Denis Possot who saw them in 1532 as follows:-"En ladicte chappelle dessoubz le dict mont de Calvaire, a senestre est le sepulchre de Bauldoin, et sur iceluy sont escriptz ces motz:--

`Rex Balduinus, Judas alter Machabeus,

Spec patrie, vigor ecclesie, virtus utriusque,

Quem formidabant, cui dons tributa ferebant

Cedar et Egyptus, Dan ac homicida Damascus,

Proh dolor! in modico clauditur hoc tumulo.'

1. Rehricht, Deutsche Pilgerreisen, pp.183-4.

2 Bernardo Giuetinian, History of the Origin of the Military and Religious Knightly Orders, Venice, 1692.

NOTE 87.

The Christian Sects, whom Casola found in the church of the Holy Sepulchre, were nine in number:--The Latins, Georgians, Armenians, Abyssinians, Syrians, Maronites, Golbites, Jacobites, and Copts. Francesco Suriano gives a good deal of interesting information on the subject in the various texts of his Trattato di Terra Santa. In the first text written in 1485 Soriano mentions eight christian sects living at that time in the Holy Sepulchre:--The Latin Friars or Franks, Greeks, Georgians, Armenians, Abyssinians or Indians, Jacobites, Syrians and Maronites. He mention the Copts, but says that they were not then there permanently. In chapter xxiii., p. 64, of the text revised in 1514, Fra Francesco wrote:--"In the afore-named Church of the Holy Sepulchre, ten kinds of religious, christians of different nations live. All celebrate divine service according to their own rite, and all have their habitations--separate one from the other--within the body of the church. They are the following:--The first are our friars, who are called Franks; the second are the Maronites, who are orthodox Catholics; the third are the Greeks; the fourth are the Georgians; the fifth are the Abyssinians, that is Indians; the sixth are the Copts; the seventh are the Jacobites; the eighth are the Syrians, that is the Christians of the girdle; the ninth are the Armenians; the tenth are the Nestorians." In the printed edition of the Trattato (Venice, 1524) Suriano adds that the Nestorians were not continually in Jerusalem. Commenting on these various bodies, Suriano observes that the Maronites "Are very placable, polite and pleasant to deal with. They are descended from the Italians." That the Greeks "are cursed," and "our worst and most atrocious enemies." The Georgians "are abominable heretics, like to the Greeks and equal to them in malice." The Armenians "are handsome people, rich and generous." The Abyssinians "are vassals of Prete Jane who reigns in Ethiopia, which is eleven months of day's journeys from Jerusalem. This Signor Prete Jane is a christian and has seventy-two

1, See p. 179 of Le Voyage de la Terre Saincte, compose par Maitre Denis Possot, et acheve per Messire Charles Philippe seigneur de Champarmoy et de Grandchamp, 1532. Published, with notes, by Charles Schefer.

NOTE 88.

The Phrase "Sons of the people" ("fioli de la gente") used by Casola, is repeated many times by Marino Sanuto in the notices he gives of Egyptian affairs. It evidently means "sons of free men"--as distinguished from the sons of those who were slaves. In August, 1496, Sanuto mentions a letter (dated May 26th)--which had been received from the Venetian Consul in Alexandria--giving the news that as the Sultan "Caithbei " (i.e., Kaiet or Qait Bey) was old and ill, he had sent for his son Mameth and named him Sultan "against their law," and consigned the Treasure to him. The Pachas and the Mamelukes were opposed to this "Because they did not want their rules to be broken, and that this dominion should pass to a person who was the "fiol di la zente," but only to slaves who had been bought and sold as it had always been."'(1) Another letter (dated July 22) from Damascus, announced the death of the Sultan Caithbei, in whose place his son had been declared Sultan with the aid of powerful supporters, "but they say, he will not reign many days because he is a "fiol di la zente."(2) After describing the origin of the Mameluke Dynasty in Egypt and Palestine, Suriano goes on to say:--"The first Sultan they elected had been bought and sold five times, and therefore, up to the present they

1. Sanuto, Diarii, vol. I, p. 262.

2. Idem. a 288.

Note 89.

The Usbech, the Sultan and the Minor Friars. In reply to the question addressed him by his sister:--"Are the friars at Mount Sion molested by the Moors?" Fra Francesco Suriano wrote(2):--"At the time when, as a Layman, I frequented those parts, the friars were very badly treated by the Moors, so much so, that very often they dared not go out of their convent, and they were forced to give food to all who came to the door, otherwise the Moors threw stones at the place. And they were in great subjection to certain Moors in particular, who had the audacity to enter and search the whole house; and when in any cell they saw a good 'Schiavina'"--a bedcover that is of coarse wool,--"they demanded it, and the friars dared not refuse for fear of offending them. Similarly they went and poked their noses into the cooking-pots in the kitchen, and if there was a piece of meat that pleased them they took it--and so on everywhere else in the building. Many times there were riots and the people spilled all the friars' wine, and did many other contumelious acts which it would take too long to narrate in detail. But at present"--that is in the year 1485--" all this has ceased, the friars live in blessed peace; and happy the Moor, either small or great as he may be, who is considered their friend." In chapter sixty of his Treatise, Suriano explains how the miraculous change alluded to in the last paragraph had been brought about through the influence of the Usbech and the Sultan. After their deaths Suriano was elected a second time Prior of Mount Sion, and he says:--"This second term of office appeared to me very hard and wearisome when I remembered the immunities we enjoyed during my first guardianship. Because we had returned to the former anxieties, oppressions, extortions and intolerable burdens."

NOTE 90.

The Salines of Cyprus. In the middle ages the chief products of Cyprus were sugar and salt, and perhaps the revenue yielded by the salt was larger than that derived from the sugar. The salt was ex-

1. Suriano, Trattato di Terra Santa.

2. Suriano, Il Trattato di Terra Santa. Edited. 1900, by Father Girolamo Golubovich.

NOTE 91.

The Lakes of the Seprio. In the early middle ages the Milanese territory was divided into "Contadi," so-called because the administrators, at first called "Giudici," afterwards obtained the title of Count. One of these divisions was called the Contado of Seprio. It lay to the East of the Ticino, between Lakes Maggiore and Lugano, and extended also considerably to the South of both. The group of small lakes to the South-east of Maggiore, of which Lake Varese is the largest, are the so-called Lakes of the Seprio. (" Descrizione della citta a dells campagna di Milano nei secoli bassi," by Conte Giorgio Giulini, p. 87. )

NOTE 92.

Friar of the Zorzi family. Although it is not certain, the Franciscan friar in question may very well have been the celebrated Francesco Zor:i, a man of profound intelligence, versed in Hebrew and Chaldean, and a great student of Plato, who also wrote "De Armonia Mundi," and other works. He was born in 1460 and died at Asolo at the age of eighty. (Cappellari, Campedoglio Veneto, and Agostini's biographies of the Scrittori Veneziani." Tome ii., p. 332--362.)

1. Heyd, Italian Commercial Colonies in the East in the Middle Ages, pp. 312-3.

2. Magglor Consiglio, Register Stella, p. 103 b.

3. Segretario alle Voce, Reg. vl. 1.

4. Le Voyage de la Terre Sainte, par Maitre Denis Possot, 1532, p. 139.

NOTE 93.

Arrival of Charles VIII. in Italy, 1494. This is one of the notices given by Casola which enables the year of his pilgrimage to be fixed with absolute certainty. He carefully abstains from commenting on this important political event; probably because he was much too wary arid prudent to write anything which might cause him embarrassment in the future. As Lodovico of Milan had brought Charles into Italy, the topic was a dangerous one for the Milanese Canon. In the Spring of 1494, Venice was kept well informed of the projects on foot. In May, 1494, the new French Ambassador, Monseigneur de Citin presented his credentials to the Venetian Senate, and announced that his master had decided to come to Italy, and from there attack the Turks. He offered various ports and cities in the Kingdom of Naples to the Republic, if the latter--for payment--would furnish the French army with provisions. The Senate replied evasively and promised nothing. In July, 1494, in reply to the Neapolitan Ambassador who had come to find out the intentions of the Republic, the Senate assured him of Venetian friendship for Naples, and said that the French King lacked money, and that his preparations were not such as to excite alarm. Nevertheless, after passing the Summer at Lyons, Charles crossed the Alps, and on the 9th of September entered Asti, where he met Lodovico il Moro. From there Philippe de Comines, Seigneur d'Argenton was sent as the new Ambassador to Venice, to ask for a loan of 50,000 ducats, which he did not obtain. A month before Comines left Venice, that is in March, 1495, he was informed of the league between Venice, the Pope, Spain, and Milan, etc., against his master, which gained the so-called victory over the French army at Fornovo on the Taro in July, 1495. From Asti Charles VIII. went to Pavia, where he saw the Duke Gian Galeazzo, who had been ill for some time, and his young wife Isabella of Aragon, who implored his protection for her husband and herself, and sought in vain to dissuade him from advancing further. Without delay, the French King--without visiting Milan--left for Piacenza, and soon after he reached there news came that the young Duke Gian Galeazzo had died. From Piacenza Charles went on to Florence, and then to Rome, which he entered on the 30th December, 1494.

NOTE 94. The Duchy of Naxos, or the Duchy of the Archipelago of the Cyclades. On the division of the Byzantine Empire after 1204, the part which fell to the Venetian Republic formed a continuous line of ports on the mainland and in the islands from Constantinople to Venice. But in many cases the possession was purely nominal, and in order to relieve the State of the burden of conquering and maintaining the new acquisitions, it was decided to grant a large number, especially of the Islands, on feudal conditions, to those Venetian Nobles who were willing to conquer them at their own risk and expense. These feudatories were pledged to recognise the supremacy of the mother country, pay a tribute, defend the land they had won, supply a contingent of troops in the Wars of Venice, and grant liberty of trade to the Republic. In return they received a promise of protection. In this way Marco Sanudo obtained the lordship of Naxos, Paros, Melos, Delos, and other islands, and by the successor of Baldwin on the Byzantine throne he was created Prince of the Empire and Duke of the Archipelago. After six generations the duchy passed out of the Sanudo family, by the marriage of a daughter of Giovanni Sanudo with a prince of Negropont, and later it came into possession of the Crispo family, a powerful Greek family which had aided the Republic in the war against the Emperor Michael Paleologos, and was included amongst the patrician families of Venice in consequence. The members of the Crispo family intermarried frequently with those of the most conspicuous Venetian families. Agostino Contarini's more famous brother Ambrogio, who was ambassador to the King of Persia, 1474-1478, and wrote a very interesting account of his mission, married Violante, sister of Giovanni Crispo, Duke of Naxos and the Archipelago. Giovanni had died, as Casola reports, a few days before the pilgrim galley arrived there on the 27th of September, 1494. The tutor appointed by the Republic to govern the Duchy during the minority of the young Duke Francesco, was not his uncle Ambrogio Contarini, but Ser Pietro Contarini, son of the late Ser Adorni, a more distant relative of the same family, as I found on Consulting the Register of the elections, and also the Register of the general proceedings of the Senate. The latter contains the following decree addressed on the 29th of May, 1495, to the Admiral of the Venetian fleet in the Archipelago:--"As the noble man Piero Contarini has lately died, who was our Governor of Nixia" [that is Naxos] "where he had taken his wife and children; it is convenient to grant a safe passage to his wife, so that she and all her possessions may be conducted to some safe place of ours"--the Admiral was therefore ordered to place a galley at the disposition of the wife of the defunct Ser Piero Contarini, so that she and her family and all her goods might be taken to Modone or Corfu.(1) In October, 1495, Ser Andrea Memo was elected Governor of Naxos, and he was succeeded in March, 1498, by Ser Ambrogio Contarini, son of the late